BIOS 2210 Final Exam Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
3 domains archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
unicellular prokaryotic microbes; none have been identi-
fied as human pathogens; cell walls do not contain pepti-
archaea
doglycan, but are often composed of a similar subsistence
called pseudopeptidoglycan
most are harmless or helpful, but some are pathogens;
prokaryotic due to genetic material (DNA) but is not
bacteria
housed within a true nucleus; most have cell walls con-
taining peptidoglycan
eukarya eukaryotes
species is capitalized, genus is lowercase (e.g., Homo
scientific nomenclature
sapiens)
no nucleus (nucleoid); no membrane bound organelles;
prokaryotic cell structures single chromosome; simple flagella; circular DNA; smaller
and unicellular; smaller ribosomes
nucleus; membrane bound organelles (cell wall); chromo-
eukaryotic cell structures somes in pairs; complex flagella; complex DNA; larger and
multicellular; larger ribosomes; *mitochondria
microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one
light microscope
or more lenses to magnify an object
most common; compound microscope using 2 lenses that
brightfield microscope
produce a dark image on a bright background
pigments that absorb and reflect particular wavelengths
chromophores of light; ditterent colors can behave ditterently when they
interact with chromophores
brightfield microscope that has a small but significant
darkfield microscope
modification to the condenser
, use refraction and interference caused by structures in a
light microscope: phase-contrast specimen to create high-contrast, high-resolution images
without staining; oldest an simplest
2 beams of light are created in which the direction of wave
light microscope: ditterential interference contrast (DIC)
movement (polarization) ditters
uses fluorescent chromophores (fluorochromes) capable
light microscope: fluorescence of absorbing energy from a light source and them emit-
ting this energy as visible light
used to identify certain disease-causing microbes by ob-
immunofluorescence
serving whether antibodies bind to them
specific antibodies are stained with a fluorochrome- if
the specimen contains the targeted pathogen, one can
immunofluorescence: direct immunofluorescence assay observe the antibodies binding to the pathogen under
(DFA) the fluorescent microscope (called a primary antibody
stain because the stained antibodies directly attach to the
pathogen
secondary antibodies are stained with a fluorochrome
rather than primary antibodies- secondary antibodies do
immunofluorescence: indirect immunofluorescence assay
not directly attach to the pathogen, but they do bind to
(IFA)
primary antibodies (secondary antibodies are attached
indirectly)
uses a laser to scan multiple z-planes successively, pro-
ducing numerous 2D, high-contrast images at various
light microscope: confocal microscope depths that can be constructed into 3D images by a com-
puter, making this useful for examining thick specimens
(like biofilms)
uses a scanning technique, fluorochromes and
light microscope: two-photon long-wavelength like (such as infrared) to penetrate deep
into thick specimens (like biofilms)
electron microscope: transmission electron (TEM)
3 domains archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
unicellular prokaryotic microbes; none have been identi-
fied as human pathogens; cell walls do not contain pepti-
archaea
doglycan, but are often composed of a similar subsistence
called pseudopeptidoglycan
most are harmless or helpful, but some are pathogens;
prokaryotic due to genetic material (DNA) but is not
bacteria
housed within a true nucleus; most have cell walls con-
taining peptidoglycan
eukarya eukaryotes
species is capitalized, genus is lowercase (e.g., Homo
scientific nomenclature
sapiens)
no nucleus (nucleoid); no membrane bound organelles;
prokaryotic cell structures single chromosome; simple flagella; circular DNA; smaller
and unicellular; smaller ribosomes
nucleus; membrane bound organelles (cell wall); chromo-
eukaryotic cell structures somes in pairs; complex flagella; complex DNA; larger and
multicellular; larger ribosomes; *mitochondria
microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one
light microscope
or more lenses to magnify an object
most common; compound microscope using 2 lenses that
brightfield microscope
produce a dark image on a bright background
pigments that absorb and reflect particular wavelengths
chromophores of light; ditterent colors can behave ditterently when they
interact with chromophores
brightfield microscope that has a small but significant
darkfield microscope
modification to the condenser
, use refraction and interference caused by structures in a
light microscope: phase-contrast specimen to create high-contrast, high-resolution images
without staining; oldest an simplest
2 beams of light are created in which the direction of wave
light microscope: ditterential interference contrast (DIC)
movement (polarization) ditters
uses fluorescent chromophores (fluorochromes) capable
light microscope: fluorescence of absorbing energy from a light source and them emit-
ting this energy as visible light
used to identify certain disease-causing microbes by ob-
immunofluorescence
serving whether antibodies bind to them
specific antibodies are stained with a fluorochrome- if
the specimen contains the targeted pathogen, one can
immunofluorescence: direct immunofluorescence assay observe the antibodies binding to the pathogen under
(DFA) the fluorescent microscope (called a primary antibody
stain because the stained antibodies directly attach to the
pathogen
secondary antibodies are stained with a fluorochrome
rather than primary antibodies- secondary antibodies do
immunofluorescence: indirect immunofluorescence assay
not directly attach to the pathogen, but they do bind to
(IFA)
primary antibodies (secondary antibodies are attached
indirectly)
uses a laser to scan multiple z-planes successively, pro-
ducing numerous 2D, high-contrast images at various
light microscope: confocal microscope depths that can be constructed into 3D images by a com-
puter, making this useful for examining thick specimens
(like biofilms)
uses a scanning technique, fluorochromes and
light microscope: two-photon long-wavelength like (such as infrared) to penetrate deep
into thick specimens (like biofilms)
electron microscope: transmission electron (TEM)
