BIOD 101 MODULE 5 EXAM PORTAGE
LEARNING KEY CONCEPTS AND BIOLOGY
REVIEW NOTES 2026
◉ Monosaccharides. Answer: simple sugar carbohydrates made up
of a single monomer
ex: glucose, fructose, and ribose + deoxyribose (RNA+DNA)
◉ Functional Groups. Answer: molecules that bind to the carbon
backbone of a simple sugar (monosaccharide)
-OH -PO4
◉ Polysaccharides. Answer: complex sugars made of many
monosaccharides linked together
a type of energy storage for cells
named according to the number of carbons
◉ Dehydration Reaction. Answer: water molecule is lost from the
reactant side of the chemical reaction
reaction used to join differing amounts of glucose to form
polysaccharides
,◉ Hydrolysis Reactions. Answer: breaks down polysaccharides
releases the monosaccharide in the polysaccharide by adding water
to each covalent bond in succession of hydrolysis
◉ Lipids. Answer: biomacromolecules which are insoluble in water
contain many hydrocarbon (C-H) bonds
non polar
two building blocks: glycerol and fatty acids
◉ Lipid examples. Answer: triglycerides - source of fatty acids for
ATP
phospholipids - cell membrane
cholesterol - precursor to steroid hormones
◉ Phospholipid. Answer: contain two main components: (1) a polar
head group joined to (2) a non-polar tail group
head is composed of a charged phosphate group and is hydrophilic
tail is non-polar fatty acid chains which are hydrophobic
◉ Steroids. Answer: lipid made of 4 fused carbon rings with
attached functional groups, often containing an alcohol (-OH) group
the hydroxyl (alcohol, -OH) group is polar but the attached
functional group is nonpolar
, ◉ High Density Lipoprotein. Answer: "good cholesterol," removes
cholesterol from other parts of your body and takes it to the liver
◉ Cholesterol. Answer: an essential structural component of animal
cell membranes
does not have glycerol or fatty acids
does have lots of CH2
precursor; structure is used to manufacture important hormones
like estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone
largely hydrophobic with single polar hydroxyl (-OH) group
◉ Very Low Density Lipoprotein. Answer: builds up in arteries and
carries triglycerides
◉ Protein. Answer: long polymers made of monomeric amino acids
◉ Amino Acids. Answer: organic compounds that serve as the
foundational building blocks of proteins
20 types of amino acids
sequence of amino acids in polymer determines shape and function
LEARNING KEY CONCEPTS AND BIOLOGY
REVIEW NOTES 2026
◉ Monosaccharides. Answer: simple sugar carbohydrates made up
of a single monomer
ex: glucose, fructose, and ribose + deoxyribose (RNA+DNA)
◉ Functional Groups. Answer: molecules that bind to the carbon
backbone of a simple sugar (monosaccharide)
-OH -PO4
◉ Polysaccharides. Answer: complex sugars made of many
monosaccharides linked together
a type of energy storage for cells
named according to the number of carbons
◉ Dehydration Reaction. Answer: water molecule is lost from the
reactant side of the chemical reaction
reaction used to join differing amounts of glucose to form
polysaccharides
,◉ Hydrolysis Reactions. Answer: breaks down polysaccharides
releases the monosaccharide in the polysaccharide by adding water
to each covalent bond in succession of hydrolysis
◉ Lipids. Answer: biomacromolecules which are insoluble in water
contain many hydrocarbon (C-H) bonds
non polar
two building blocks: glycerol and fatty acids
◉ Lipid examples. Answer: triglycerides - source of fatty acids for
ATP
phospholipids - cell membrane
cholesterol - precursor to steroid hormones
◉ Phospholipid. Answer: contain two main components: (1) a polar
head group joined to (2) a non-polar tail group
head is composed of a charged phosphate group and is hydrophilic
tail is non-polar fatty acid chains which are hydrophobic
◉ Steroids. Answer: lipid made of 4 fused carbon rings with
attached functional groups, often containing an alcohol (-OH) group
the hydroxyl (alcohol, -OH) group is polar but the attached
functional group is nonpolar
, ◉ High Density Lipoprotein. Answer: "good cholesterol," removes
cholesterol from other parts of your body and takes it to the liver
◉ Cholesterol. Answer: an essential structural component of animal
cell membranes
does not have glycerol or fatty acids
does have lots of CH2
precursor; structure is used to manufacture important hormones
like estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone
largely hydrophobic with single polar hydroxyl (-OH) group
◉ Very Low Density Lipoprotein. Answer: builds up in arteries and
carries triglycerides
◉ Protein. Answer: long polymers made of monomeric amino acids
◉ Amino Acids. Answer: organic compounds that serve as the
foundational building blocks of proteins
20 types of amino acids
sequence of amino acids in polymer determines shape and function
