Pathophysiology Exam 1 Practice Problems
85 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
UPDATE
g Agpatientgisgfoundgtoghaveglivergdisease,gresultinggingthegremovalgofgaglobegofghisgliver.gAdaptationgtog
thegreducedgsizegofgtheglivergleadsgtog ofgthegremainingglivergcells.
A. Metaplasia
B. Organgatrophy
C. Compensatoryghyperplasia
D. Physiologicghyperplasiag-gANS>>C
Angoldergadultgpatientgcomesgtogthegclinicgcomplaininggofgnotgbeinggablegtogdogwhatghegusedgtogbegab
legto.gYougknowgthatgnormalgchangesgassociatedgwithgagingginclude:g(Selectgallgthatgapply.)
A. Improvedgbloodgflow
B. Slowedgmetabolicgrate
C. Decreasedgbraingweight
D. Improvedgnervegfibergconduction
E. Lessgrespiratorygcapacityg-gANS>>B,gC,gE
Ag20-year-
oldgcollegegstudentghasgpresentedgtoghergcampusgmedicalgclinicgforgagscheduledgPapgsmear.gThegclin
iciangwhogwillginterpretgthegsmeargwillgexaminegcellgsamplesgforgevidencegof:
A. Changesgingcellgshape,gsize,gandgorganization
B. Presencegofgunexpectedgcellgtypes
C. Ischemicgchangesgingcellgsample
D. Abnormallyghighgnumbersgofgcellsg-gANS>>A
Thegparentsgofgag4-year-
oldggirlghavegsoughtgcaregbecausegtheirgdaughterghasgadmittedgtogchewinggandgswallowinggimporte
dgtoygfigurinesgthatghavegbeengdeterminedgtogbegmadegofglead.gWhichgofgthegfollowinggbloodgtestsgsh
ouldgthegcaregteamgprioritize?
A. Whitegbloodgcellglevelsgwithgdifferential
B. Redgbloodgcellglevelsgandgmorphology
C. Ureagandgcreatinineglevels
D. Livergfunctiongpanelg-
ANS>>BgLeadg-
g
>ganemia,gRBCglysis
,Yougknowgit'sgnotgAgbecausegtheregisgnoginfectionginvolved.gCgisgfocusedgongkidneygfunctiongwhilegDgis
focusedgonglivergfunction.gBothgofgthesegwouldgbegimportantgingthegcasegofgleadgpoisoninggBUTgthegpri
g
oritygANS>>gisgB,gbecausegyougneedgfirstgtogaddressgthegmostglife-
threateninggpatientgneeds.gTheglittleggirlgingthisgquestiongcanggogintogshockgorgsuffergpermanentgorgan
g damagegifghergRBCsgareglow.
Agpatientgwithgseveregperipheralgvasculargdiseaseghasgdevelopedgsignsgofgdryggangrenegongtheggreatgt
oegofgonegfoot.gWhichgofgthegfollowinggpathophysiologicgprocessesgmostglikelygcontributedgtogthisgdia
gnosis?
A. Inappropriategactivationgofgapoptosis
B. Bacterialginvasion
C. Impairedgarterialgbloodgsupply
D. Metaplasticgcellulargchangesg-gANS>>B
Remembergthatgit'sgnotgCgbecausegtoghaveggangrene,gyougmustghaveginfection
Althoughgstressgexposureginitiatesgintegratedgresponsesgbygmultiplegsystems,gthegmostgimportantgc
hangesgaregfirstgactivatedgbygwhichgsystem?
A. Pulmonary
B. Gastrointestinal
C. Neuroendocrine
D. Cardiovascularg-gANS>>C
Whichgmanifestationgofgstressgreflectsgthegnon-specificgfightgorgflightgresponse?
A. Decreasedgpupillaryglightgresponse
B. IncreasedgGIgmotility
C. Decreasedgshort-termgmemory
D. Increasedgcardiopulmonarygratesg-gANS>>D
Thisgwouldgfallgundergphysiologicgresponsesgtogstress!!gSlideg25gingyourglecturegpowerpointg
Stress-inducedgcortisolghormonegsecretiongisgassociatedgwith:
A. Increasedggrowthghormoneglevel
B. Regulationgofgthegstressgresponse
C. Increasedgthyroid-stimulatingghormone
D. Depressedgadrenalgglandgfunctiong-gANS>>B
Yougknowgit'sgnotgAgbecausegIgmentionedgingangearliergslidegthatggrowthghormoneglevelsgdecreasegwi
thgstress.gWegdidn'tgmentiongthyroid-
stimulatingghormonegasgonegofgthegonesgassociatedgwithgthegstressgrepsonsegsogyougcangprettygmuc
hgassumegthat'sgnotgright.gAndgwegknowgadrenalgfunctiongisgnotgdepressedgbecausegACTHgfromgtheg
anteriorgpituitarygstimulatesgthegadrenalgglandsgtogreleasegcortisol.
, Whichgofgthegfollowinggfactorsgaregknowngtogcontributegtogangindividual'sgabilitygtogadaptgtogstress?g(
Selectgallgthatgapply.)
A. Ethnicity
B. Age
C. Socioeconomicgstatus
D. Gender
E. Healthgstatusg-gANS>>B,gC,gD,gE
"Abilitygtogadaptgtogstress"g=gmediatinggfactors!gSlideg28gofgthisgpowerpoint
Twogpeoplegexperiencegthegsamegstressorgyetgonlygonegisgablegtogcopegandgadaptgadequately.gAngexa
mplegofgthegpersongwithgangincreasedgcapacitygtogadaptgisgthegonegwith:
A. Agsensegofgpurposeginglife
B. Circadiangrhythmgdisruption
C. Age-relatedgrenalgdysfunction
D. Excessivegweightggaingorglossg-gANS>>A
Backgtogmediatinggfactors.gWhichgofgthesegthingsgdogyougthinkgwouldghelpgagpersongdealgwithgstress
?gDisruptiongingsleepgcycleg(B)gwillgdefinitelygnotghelp,gage-
relatedgrenalgdysfunctiong(C)gisgangindicatorgofgpoorghealthgstatusgwhichgalsogwouldgnotghelp,gandgex
cessivegweightgchangesg(D)garegalsoglikelygtogcausegmoregstressgthangalleviategit.
Thegcharacteristic,glocalizedgcardinalgsignsgofgacuteginflammationginclude:g(Selectgallgthatgapply.)
A. Redness
B. Fatigue
C. Swelling
D. Warmth
E. Feverg-gANS>>A,gC,gD
Thegcellulargstagegofgacuteginflammationgisgmarkedgbygthegmovementgofgleukocytesgintogthegarea.gWh
ichgofgthegfollowinggcellsgarrivesgfirstgandginggreatgnumbers?
A. Basophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Plateletsg-gANS>>C
Whichgofgthegfollowinggmediatorsgofginflammationgcausesgincreasedgcapillarygpermeabilitygandgpain?
A. Serotonin
B. Histamine
C. Bradykinin
D. Nitricgoxideg-gANS>>C
85 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
UPDATE
g Agpatientgisgfoundgtoghaveglivergdisease,gresultinggingthegremovalgofgaglobegofghisgliver.gAdaptationgtog
thegreducedgsizegofgtheglivergleadsgtog ofgthegremainingglivergcells.
A. Metaplasia
B. Organgatrophy
C. Compensatoryghyperplasia
D. Physiologicghyperplasiag-gANS>>C
Angoldergadultgpatientgcomesgtogthegclinicgcomplaininggofgnotgbeinggablegtogdogwhatghegusedgtogbegab
legto.gYougknowgthatgnormalgchangesgassociatedgwithgagingginclude:g(Selectgallgthatgapply.)
A. Improvedgbloodgflow
B. Slowedgmetabolicgrate
C. Decreasedgbraingweight
D. Improvedgnervegfibergconduction
E. Lessgrespiratorygcapacityg-gANS>>B,gC,gE
Ag20-year-
oldgcollegegstudentghasgpresentedgtoghergcampusgmedicalgclinicgforgagscheduledgPapgsmear.gThegclin
iciangwhogwillginterpretgthegsmeargwillgexaminegcellgsamplesgforgevidencegof:
A. Changesgingcellgshape,gsize,gandgorganization
B. Presencegofgunexpectedgcellgtypes
C. Ischemicgchangesgingcellgsample
D. Abnormallyghighgnumbersgofgcellsg-gANS>>A
Thegparentsgofgag4-year-
oldggirlghavegsoughtgcaregbecausegtheirgdaughterghasgadmittedgtogchewinggandgswallowinggimporte
dgtoygfigurinesgthatghavegbeengdeterminedgtogbegmadegofglead.gWhichgofgthegfollowinggbloodgtestsgsh
ouldgthegcaregteamgprioritize?
A. Whitegbloodgcellglevelsgwithgdifferential
B. Redgbloodgcellglevelsgandgmorphology
C. Ureagandgcreatinineglevels
D. Livergfunctiongpanelg-
ANS>>BgLeadg-
g
>ganemia,gRBCglysis
,Yougknowgit'sgnotgAgbecausegtheregisgnoginfectionginvolved.gCgisgfocusedgongkidneygfunctiongwhilegDgis
focusedgonglivergfunction.gBothgofgthesegwouldgbegimportantgingthegcasegofgleadgpoisoninggBUTgthegpri
g
oritygANS>>gisgB,gbecausegyougneedgfirstgtogaddressgthegmostglife-
threateninggpatientgneeds.gTheglittleggirlgingthisgquestiongcanggogintogshockgorgsuffergpermanentgorgan
g damagegifghergRBCsgareglow.
Agpatientgwithgseveregperipheralgvasculargdiseaseghasgdevelopedgsignsgofgdryggangrenegongtheggreatgt
oegofgonegfoot.gWhichgofgthegfollowinggpathophysiologicgprocessesgmostglikelygcontributedgtogthisgdia
gnosis?
A. Inappropriategactivationgofgapoptosis
B. Bacterialginvasion
C. Impairedgarterialgbloodgsupply
D. Metaplasticgcellulargchangesg-gANS>>B
Remembergthatgit'sgnotgCgbecausegtoghaveggangrene,gyougmustghaveginfection
Althoughgstressgexposureginitiatesgintegratedgresponsesgbygmultiplegsystems,gthegmostgimportantgc
hangesgaregfirstgactivatedgbygwhichgsystem?
A. Pulmonary
B. Gastrointestinal
C. Neuroendocrine
D. Cardiovascularg-gANS>>C
Whichgmanifestationgofgstressgreflectsgthegnon-specificgfightgorgflightgresponse?
A. Decreasedgpupillaryglightgresponse
B. IncreasedgGIgmotility
C. Decreasedgshort-termgmemory
D. Increasedgcardiopulmonarygratesg-gANS>>D
Thisgwouldgfallgundergphysiologicgresponsesgtogstress!!gSlideg25gingyourglecturegpowerpointg
Stress-inducedgcortisolghormonegsecretiongisgassociatedgwith:
A. Increasedggrowthghormoneglevel
B. Regulationgofgthegstressgresponse
C. Increasedgthyroid-stimulatingghormone
D. Depressedgadrenalgglandgfunctiong-gANS>>B
Yougknowgit'sgnotgAgbecausegIgmentionedgingangearliergslidegthatggrowthghormoneglevelsgdecreasegwi
thgstress.gWegdidn'tgmentiongthyroid-
stimulatingghormonegasgonegofgthegonesgassociatedgwithgthegstressgrepsonsegsogyougcangprettygmuc
hgassumegthat'sgnotgright.gAndgwegknowgadrenalgfunctiongisgnotgdepressedgbecausegACTHgfromgtheg
anteriorgpituitarygstimulatesgthegadrenalgglandsgtogreleasegcortisol.
, Whichgofgthegfollowinggfactorsgaregknowngtogcontributegtogangindividual'sgabilitygtogadaptgtogstress?g(
Selectgallgthatgapply.)
A. Ethnicity
B. Age
C. Socioeconomicgstatus
D. Gender
E. Healthgstatusg-gANS>>B,gC,gD,gE
"Abilitygtogadaptgtogstress"g=gmediatinggfactors!gSlideg28gofgthisgpowerpoint
Twogpeoplegexperiencegthegsamegstressorgyetgonlygonegisgablegtogcopegandgadaptgadequately.gAngexa
mplegofgthegpersongwithgangincreasedgcapacitygtogadaptgisgthegonegwith:
A. Agsensegofgpurposeginglife
B. Circadiangrhythmgdisruption
C. Age-relatedgrenalgdysfunction
D. Excessivegweightggaingorglossg-gANS>>A
Backgtogmediatinggfactors.gWhichgofgthesegthingsgdogyougthinkgwouldghelpgagpersongdealgwithgstress
?gDisruptiongingsleepgcycleg(B)gwillgdefinitelygnotghelp,gage-
relatedgrenalgdysfunctiong(C)gisgangindicatorgofgpoorghealthgstatusgwhichgalsogwouldgnotghelp,gandgex
cessivegweightgchangesg(D)garegalsoglikelygtogcausegmoregstressgthangalleviategit.
Thegcharacteristic,glocalizedgcardinalgsignsgofgacuteginflammationginclude:g(Selectgallgthatgapply.)
A. Redness
B. Fatigue
C. Swelling
D. Warmth
E. Feverg-gANS>>A,gC,gD
Thegcellulargstagegofgacuteginflammationgisgmarkedgbygthegmovementgofgleukocytesgintogthegarea.gWh
ichgofgthegfollowinggcellsgarrivesgfirstgandginggreatgnumbers?
A. Basophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Plateletsg-gANS>>C
Whichgofgthegfollowinggmediatorsgofginflammationgcausesgincreasedgcapillarygpermeabilitygandgpain?
A. Serotonin
B. Histamine
C. Bradykinin
D. Nitricgoxideg-gANS>>C
