NRSG 6300 Advanced Pathophysiology QUESTIONS A
b b b b b
ND ANSwerS 2026\2027 UPDATE
b b b
b Abmotherbsharesbsomebpicturesbofbherbchild,bnotingbhowbstrangebitbisbthatbratherbthanb"redbspots"binb
thebeyes,bherbchild'sbimagebshowsbwithbspots.bAbfriend,buponbseeingbthisbimage,bisbconcerned.bWhatbi
sbthebfriendbconcernedbthatbthebchildbmaybhave?
Detachedbretina
b Retinoblastom
abGlaucoma
Astigmatismb-bANS>>Retinoblastoma
Abpatientbrecentlybhadbabmalignantbtumorbsurgicallybremoved.bThebclinicianbisbexaminingbCA-
125blevelsbfollowingbthebsurgery.bWhatbtypebofbcancerbdoesbthebpatientblikelybhave?
OvarianbLun
gbTesticular
Stomachb-bANS>>Ovarian
Elevatedbcancerbantigenb(CA)-
125blevelsbhavebbeenbnotedbinbthebpatient'sbbloodbsample.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbmaybbebofbgreaterbco
ncernbtobthebclinicianbbasedbonbthisbresult?
HepaticbcancerbOva
rianbcancerbTesticu
larbcancer
Breastbcancerb-bANS>>Ovarianbcancer
Abpatientbhasbdevelopedblungbcancer.bWhichbofbthebfollowingblikelybcontributedbmostbtobthisbdevelopm
ent?
AgebGe
nder
Cigarettebsmoking
Immunosuppressantbdrugsbtobtreatbrheumatoidbarthritisb-bANS>>Cigarettebsmoking
Abpatient'sbanalysisbrevealsbabdefectivebtumorbproteinb(TP)53bgene.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbisblikelybtob
develop?
Increasedbcellularbapoptosis
,IncreasedbcancerbriskbCell
sbarrestedbinbcellbcycle
Decreasedbcellularbproliferationb-bANS>>Increasedbcancerbrisk
Geneticbanalysisbrevealsbthatbabpatientbisbpositivebforbbreastbcancerb(BRCA)1bandbBRCA2bmutations.b
Whichbofbthebfollowingbappliesbtobthisbresult?bSelectballbthatbapply.
IncreasedbriskbforbovarianbcancerbIncr
easedbriskbforblungbcancerbIncreasedb
riskbforbthyroidbcancerbIncreasedbrisk
b forbbreastbcancer
Increasedbriskbforbhepaticbcancerb-
b ANS>>IncreasedbriskbforbovarianbcancerbIncreasedbriskbforbbreastbcancer
Abpatient'sblungbbiopsybresultsbrevealbsmallbcellblungbcancer.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbapplybtobthisbdiag
nosis?bSelectballbthatbapply.
RapidbgrowingbcancerbVer
ybfavorablebprognosisbBen
ign
Increasedbriskbforbmetastasis
Mostbcommonblungbcancerbtypeb-
ANS>>RapidbgrowingbcancerbIncreasedbriskbforbmetastasis
b
Abpatientbisbscheduledbforbradioiodinebimagingbasbpartbofbcancerbdiagnosticbassessment.bWhichbofbth
ebfollowingbcancerbtypesbisblikelybsuspected?
Hepaticbcancer
b Thyroidbcance
rbLungbcancer
Bonebcancerb-bANS>>Thyroidbcancer
Abyoungbmalebpatientbisbdiagnosedbwithbosteosarcoma.bWhichbareabofbthebbodybdoesbthisbnursebexpec
tbtobbebevaluated?
Distalbfemurb
SternumbRib
s
Vertebralbcolumnb-bANS>>Distalbfemur
Whichbofbthebfollowingbstagingbclassificationsbwouldbindicatebabsmallbtumor,bwithbnoblymphbnodebinvol
vementbandbnobmetastasis?
T0bN0bM0
b T1bN1bM
1bT1bN1b
M0
T1bN0bM0b-bANS>>T1bN0bM0
, Abpatientbhasbnoticedbabmassbinbherbrightbbreast.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbisbcorrectbinformationbforbthe
b nursebtobshare?
90%bofbpalpablebbreastbmassesbarebnoncancerous,bbutbfurtherbevaluationbwillbbebneeded.
Whenbyoubcanbfeelbabmassbinbthebbreastsbwithbyourbhands,bthebsizebindicatesbthatbitbisblikelybmalignant
.
Becausebmostbmassesbfoundbinbthebbreastsbarebnoncancerous,bwebrefrainbfrombfurtherbassessmentbu
nlessbotherbsignsbandbsymptomsbarebpresent.
Ifbyoubcannotbfeelbabmassbinbthebbreasts,bthenbbreastbcancerbhasbnotbdeveloped.b-
b ANS>>90%bofbpalpablebbreastbmassesbarebnoncancerous,bbutbfurtherbevaluationbwillbbebneeded.
Abbiopsybofbabbreastbtumorbshowsbthebsamplebtobbebestrogenbreceptorb(ER)-
positivebandbHER2/neubnegative.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbisbthebcorrectbinterpretation?
SelectivebERbmodulatorsbwillbnotbbebeffectivebtreatmentbchoices.bT
hebsamplebshowsbmorebERsbthanbnormal.
Thebbiopsybsamplebrevealsbthatbthisbabformbofbthebslowestbgrowingbcancer.
Thisbcancerbhasbabhighblevelbofbprogesteronebreceptors.b-
b ANS>>ThebsamplebshowsbmorebERsbthanbnormal.
Abnursebisbreviewingbthebearlybsignsbofbovarianbcancerbwithbabpatient.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbshouldbb
ebincluded?
Sharp,bacutebabdominalbpainbthatbdoesbnotblessenb
SeverebpelvicbpainbthatbradiatesbtobthebbackbDiffus
ebsymptoms,bsuchbasbabdominalbbloating
Dailybvaginalbbleedingb-bANS>>Diffusebsymptoms,bsuchbasbabdominalbbloating
AbnursebisbexplainingbtobabpatientbthebimportancebofbregularbPapbsmears.bWhichbcancerbcanbthebPapbs
mearbbebanbearlybtestbforbdetecting?
OvarianbcancerbCer
vicalbcancerbEndo
metrialbcancer
Rectalbcancerb-bANS>>Cervicalbcancer
Whichbofbthebfollowingbcancersbdoesbthebclinicianbrecognizebmaybbebactivatedbbybviralbinfection?bSele
ctballbthatbapply.
CervicalbcancerbBu
rkitt'sblymphomabE
ndometrialbcancer
b b b b b
ND ANSwerS 2026\2027 UPDATE
b b b
b Abmotherbsharesbsomebpicturesbofbherbchild,bnotingbhowbstrangebitbisbthatbratherbthanb"redbspots"binb
thebeyes,bherbchild'sbimagebshowsbwithbspots.bAbfriend,buponbseeingbthisbimage,bisbconcerned.bWhatbi
sbthebfriendbconcernedbthatbthebchildbmaybhave?
Detachedbretina
b Retinoblastom
abGlaucoma
Astigmatismb-bANS>>Retinoblastoma
Abpatientbrecentlybhadbabmalignantbtumorbsurgicallybremoved.bThebclinicianbisbexaminingbCA-
125blevelsbfollowingbthebsurgery.bWhatbtypebofbcancerbdoesbthebpatientblikelybhave?
OvarianbLun
gbTesticular
Stomachb-bANS>>Ovarian
Elevatedbcancerbantigenb(CA)-
125blevelsbhavebbeenbnotedbinbthebpatient'sbbloodbsample.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbmaybbebofbgreaterbco
ncernbtobthebclinicianbbasedbonbthisbresult?
HepaticbcancerbOva
rianbcancerbTesticu
larbcancer
Breastbcancerb-bANS>>Ovarianbcancer
Abpatientbhasbdevelopedblungbcancer.bWhichbofbthebfollowingblikelybcontributedbmostbtobthisbdevelopm
ent?
AgebGe
nder
Cigarettebsmoking
Immunosuppressantbdrugsbtobtreatbrheumatoidbarthritisb-bANS>>Cigarettebsmoking
Abpatient'sbanalysisbrevealsbabdefectivebtumorbproteinb(TP)53bgene.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbisblikelybtob
develop?
Increasedbcellularbapoptosis
,IncreasedbcancerbriskbCell
sbarrestedbinbcellbcycle
Decreasedbcellularbproliferationb-bANS>>Increasedbcancerbrisk
Geneticbanalysisbrevealsbthatbabpatientbisbpositivebforbbreastbcancerb(BRCA)1bandbBRCA2bmutations.b
Whichbofbthebfollowingbappliesbtobthisbresult?bSelectballbthatbapply.
IncreasedbriskbforbovarianbcancerbIncr
easedbriskbforblungbcancerbIncreasedb
riskbforbthyroidbcancerbIncreasedbrisk
b forbbreastbcancer
Increasedbriskbforbhepaticbcancerb-
b ANS>>IncreasedbriskbforbovarianbcancerbIncreasedbriskbforbbreastbcancer
Abpatient'sblungbbiopsybresultsbrevealbsmallbcellblungbcancer.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbapplybtobthisbdiag
nosis?bSelectballbthatbapply.
RapidbgrowingbcancerbVer
ybfavorablebprognosisbBen
ign
Increasedbriskbforbmetastasis
Mostbcommonblungbcancerbtypeb-
ANS>>RapidbgrowingbcancerbIncreasedbriskbforbmetastasis
b
Abpatientbisbscheduledbforbradioiodinebimagingbasbpartbofbcancerbdiagnosticbassessment.bWhichbofbth
ebfollowingbcancerbtypesbisblikelybsuspected?
Hepaticbcancer
b Thyroidbcance
rbLungbcancer
Bonebcancerb-bANS>>Thyroidbcancer
Abyoungbmalebpatientbisbdiagnosedbwithbosteosarcoma.bWhichbareabofbthebbodybdoesbthisbnursebexpec
tbtobbebevaluated?
Distalbfemurb
SternumbRib
s
Vertebralbcolumnb-bANS>>Distalbfemur
Whichbofbthebfollowingbstagingbclassificationsbwouldbindicatebabsmallbtumor,bwithbnoblymphbnodebinvol
vementbandbnobmetastasis?
T0bN0bM0
b T1bN1bM
1bT1bN1b
M0
T1bN0bM0b-bANS>>T1bN0bM0
, Abpatientbhasbnoticedbabmassbinbherbrightbbreast.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbisbcorrectbinformationbforbthe
b nursebtobshare?
90%bofbpalpablebbreastbmassesbarebnoncancerous,bbutbfurtherbevaluationbwillbbebneeded.
Whenbyoubcanbfeelbabmassbinbthebbreastsbwithbyourbhands,bthebsizebindicatesbthatbitbisblikelybmalignant
.
Becausebmostbmassesbfoundbinbthebbreastsbarebnoncancerous,bwebrefrainbfrombfurtherbassessmentbu
nlessbotherbsignsbandbsymptomsbarebpresent.
Ifbyoubcannotbfeelbabmassbinbthebbreasts,bthenbbreastbcancerbhasbnotbdeveloped.b-
b ANS>>90%bofbpalpablebbreastbmassesbarebnoncancerous,bbutbfurtherbevaluationbwillbbebneeded.
Abbiopsybofbabbreastbtumorbshowsbthebsamplebtobbebestrogenbreceptorb(ER)-
positivebandbHER2/neubnegative.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbisbthebcorrectbinterpretation?
SelectivebERbmodulatorsbwillbnotbbebeffectivebtreatmentbchoices.bT
hebsamplebshowsbmorebERsbthanbnormal.
Thebbiopsybsamplebrevealsbthatbthisbabformbofbthebslowestbgrowingbcancer.
Thisbcancerbhasbabhighblevelbofbprogesteronebreceptors.b-
b ANS>>ThebsamplebshowsbmorebERsbthanbnormal.
Abnursebisbreviewingbthebearlybsignsbofbovarianbcancerbwithbabpatient.bWhichbofbthebfollowingbshouldbb
ebincluded?
Sharp,bacutebabdominalbpainbthatbdoesbnotblessenb
SeverebpelvicbpainbthatbradiatesbtobthebbackbDiffus
ebsymptoms,bsuchbasbabdominalbbloating
Dailybvaginalbbleedingb-bANS>>Diffusebsymptoms,bsuchbasbabdominalbbloating
AbnursebisbexplainingbtobabpatientbthebimportancebofbregularbPapbsmears.bWhichbcancerbcanbthebPapbs
mearbbebanbearlybtestbforbdetecting?
OvarianbcancerbCer
vicalbcancerbEndo
metrialbcancer
Rectalbcancerb-bANS>>Cervicalbcancer
Whichbofbthebfollowingbcancersbdoesbthebclinicianbrecognizebmaybbebactivatedbbybviralbinfection?bSele
ctballbthatbapply.
CervicalbcancerbBu
rkitt'sblymphomabE
ndometrialbcancer
