Page | 1
ma ma
, Chapter 01_Essay ma
Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that suppor
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
t your thesis and conclusions.
ma ma ma ma
1. What are some of the problems in using evidence from contemporary gatherer societies to study ea
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
rly humans? ma
2. How did early Homo erectus spread out of East Africa into other parts of the world? Where did t
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
hey go, and how early did they reach those places?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
3. What were the key features of Paleolithic food attainment and Paleolithic diets?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
4. What are some of the theories about gender relationships in Paleolithic societies? What changed
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
in those relationships in the Neolithic period? What kinds of evidence are used in supporting or ar
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
guing against these theories?
ma ma ma
5. What is the relationship between pastoralism, disease, and humans?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
6. How did material goods create, define, and perpetuate social hierarchies in Neolithic societies?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Answer Key ma
1. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• Because the earliest humans did not leave behind written evidence, scientists have studied mor
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
e recent societies that lived by similar gathering means. However, most evidence about recent gatherer
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma m
societies was written by external sources and thus includes their biases and expectations, such as the i
a ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
nferiority of foraging as a lifestyle. Furthermore, few modern foragers or gatherers are truly isolated fro
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
m the influence of other agricultural or industrial cultures. Also, this approach assumes that gatherer
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Page | 2 ma ma
,societies are somehow static and remain unchanged over many centuries, which ignores the evidence of
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
how adaptable such societies really are.
ma ma ma ma ma ma
2. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• Homo erectus migrated out of East Africa into central Africa, and then into northern Africa. T
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
his migration took place 2 million years ago. As early as 1.8 million years ago, Homo erectus had spr
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ead to Asia, reaching China and Java by 1.5 million years ago. These migrations took place over land
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
, along coastline routes. Because sea levels were lower then, individuals could cross from the mainlan
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
d of China to Java on foot. Homo erectus also moved northward from Africa, into Spain by 800,000
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
years ago and into Germany 500,000 years ago. In each of these places, they adapted hunting and gat
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
hering techniques to the local environment.
ma ma ma ma ma
3. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• The Paleolithic diet consisted of a combination of plants and animal protein. Paleolithic peopl
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
es foraged for their food, engaging in what we would consider a combination of hunting, scavenging
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
, and gathering. Most of what they ate were plants. Animal protein often came from scavenged food
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
s like insects and shellfish rather than being hunted directly. It is unknown as to whether labor was
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
divided between genders, but in today's foraging societies, there is some division, with men engaging
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
in hunting large animals and women responsible for gathering plants and small animals. It took betw
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
een ten and twenty hours per week to gather food, but this number varied depending on environment
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
al factors and group decisions. Because Paleolithic peoples had to forage for their diet, they expende
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
d energy and, in general, avoided diseases common in sedentary societies. Life spans were kept in c
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
heck by accidents, injuries, and infections.
ma ma ma ma ma
4. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• Studies of more recent foraging societies suggest that women were valued for their labor, whi
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ch was recognized as equal to the work of men. Both men and women foraged for food, and both par
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ticipated in hunting. Other scholars theorize that even in Paleolithic society one person may have eme
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
rged as a leader, perhaps based on personal skill, and that this person was almost always a man. It is
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
more certain that by the Neolithic period, after the invention of plow agriculture, society became mor
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
e hierarchical and men took on more of a public, elite status. Women were limited to the home or enc
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
losed spaces, and land inheritance favored men over women. Evidence for gender roles in the Neolith
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ic period comes from later written traditions.
ma ma ma ma ma ma
Page | 3 ma ma
, 5. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• Pastoralism is the herding and raising of livestock. It requires humans to live in close contact w
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ith their herd animals, thus exposing humans to various animal-
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
borne diseases, such as smallpox. Initially, exposure to diseases may have caused higher mortality rate
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
s in pastoralist societies, but over time, humans would have developed some resistance to them. Forag
ma ma ma ma ma ma m a ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ers were not exposed to these diseases and thus did not develop any resistance to them. When a pastor
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
alist society encountered a forager society, this might have led the former to expose the latter to deadly
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
pathogens.
ma
6. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• The possession of material goods— ma ma ma ma
such as livestock, dwelling structures, plows, carts, and pots—
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
indicated that some individuals had control over more labor. Labor was used to acquire material goo
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ds. The more material goods one had, the more labor one controlled. This indicated status; to control
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
labor was to have a higher status than others. Having material goods gave one the ability to acquire
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
yet more material goods and to continue to acquire status. Material goods, along with land, could als
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
o constitute an inheritance, and thus perpetuate status into the next generation.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Chapter 01_Matching ma
Use the following to answer questions 1-15:
ma ma ma ma ma ma
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
in the Definitions section.
ma ma ma
Terms
a. pastoralism
b. Neanderthals
c. division of labor ma ma
d. animism
e. social hierarchies ma
f. patriarchy
g. Paleolithic era ma
h. Agricultural Revolution ma
g. foraging
Page | 4 ma ma
ma ma
, Chapter 01_Essay ma
Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that suppor
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
t your thesis and conclusions.
ma ma ma ma
1. What are some of the problems in using evidence from contemporary gatherer societies to study ea
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
rly humans? ma
2. How did early Homo erectus spread out of East Africa into other parts of the world? Where did t
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
hey go, and how early did they reach those places?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
3. What were the key features of Paleolithic food attainment and Paleolithic diets?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
4. What are some of the theories about gender relationships in Paleolithic societies? What changed
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
in those relationships in the Neolithic period? What kinds of evidence are used in supporting or ar
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
guing against these theories?
ma ma ma
5. What is the relationship between pastoralism, disease, and humans?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
6. How did material goods create, define, and perpetuate social hierarchies in Neolithic societies?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Answer Key ma
1. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• Because the earliest humans did not leave behind written evidence, scientists have studied mor
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
e recent societies that lived by similar gathering means. However, most evidence about recent gatherer
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma m
societies was written by external sources and thus includes their biases and expectations, such as the i
a ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
nferiority of foraging as a lifestyle. Furthermore, few modern foragers or gatherers are truly isolated fro
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
m the influence of other agricultural or industrial cultures. Also, this approach assumes that gatherer
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Page | 2 ma ma
,societies are somehow static and remain unchanged over many centuries, which ignores the evidence of
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
how adaptable such societies really are.
ma ma ma ma ma ma
2. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• Homo erectus migrated out of East Africa into central Africa, and then into northern Africa. T
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
his migration took place 2 million years ago. As early as 1.8 million years ago, Homo erectus had spr
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ead to Asia, reaching China and Java by 1.5 million years ago. These migrations took place over land
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
, along coastline routes. Because sea levels were lower then, individuals could cross from the mainlan
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
d of China to Java on foot. Homo erectus also moved northward from Africa, into Spain by 800,000
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
years ago and into Germany 500,000 years ago. In each of these places, they adapted hunting and gat
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
hering techniques to the local environment.
ma ma ma ma ma
3. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• The Paleolithic diet consisted of a combination of plants and animal protein. Paleolithic peopl
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
es foraged for their food, engaging in what we would consider a combination of hunting, scavenging
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
, and gathering. Most of what they ate were plants. Animal protein often came from scavenged food
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
s like insects and shellfish rather than being hunted directly. It is unknown as to whether labor was
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
divided between genders, but in today's foraging societies, there is some division, with men engaging
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
in hunting large animals and women responsible for gathering plants and small animals. It took betw
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
een ten and twenty hours per week to gather food, but this number varied depending on environment
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
al factors and group decisions. Because Paleolithic peoples had to forage for their diet, they expende
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
d energy and, in general, avoided diseases common in sedentary societies. Life spans were kept in c
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
heck by accidents, injuries, and infections.
ma ma ma ma ma
4. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• Studies of more recent foraging societies suggest that women were valued for their labor, whi
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ch was recognized as equal to the work of men. Both men and women foraged for food, and both par
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ticipated in hunting. Other scholars theorize that even in Paleolithic society one person may have eme
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
rged as a leader, perhaps based on personal skill, and that this person was almost always a man. It is
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
more certain that by the Neolithic period, after the invention of plow agriculture, society became mor
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
e hierarchical and men took on more of a public, elite status. Women were limited to the home or enc
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
losed spaces, and land inheritance favored men over women. Evidence for gender roles in the Neolith
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ic period comes from later written traditions.
ma ma ma ma ma ma
Page | 3 ma ma
, 5. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• Pastoralism is the herding and raising of livestock. It requires humans to live in close contact w
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ith their herd animals, thus exposing humans to various animal-
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
borne diseases, such as smallpox. Initially, exposure to diseases may have caused higher mortality rate
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
s in pastoralist societies, but over time, humans would have developed some resistance to them. Forag
ma ma ma ma ma ma m a ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ers were not exposed to these diseases and thus did not develop any resistance to them. When a pastor
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
alist society encountered a forager society, this might have led the former to expose the latter to deadly
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
pathogens.
ma
6. Answer would ideally include: ma ma ma
• The possession of material goods— ma ma ma ma
such as livestock, dwelling structures, plows, carts, and pots—
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
indicated that some individuals had control over more labor. Labor was used to acquire material goo
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ds. The more material goods one had, the more labor one controlled. This indicated status; to control
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
labor was to have a higher status than others. Having material goods gave one the ability to acquire
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
yet more material goods and to continue to acquire status. Material goods, along with land, could als
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
o constitute an inheritance, and thus perpetuate status into the next generation.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Chapter 01_Matching ma
Use the following to answer questions 1-15:
ma ma ma ma ma ma
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
in the Definitions section.
ma ma ma
Terms
a. pastoralism
b. Neanderthals
c. division of labor ma ma
d. animism
e. social hierarchies ma
f. patriarchy
g. Paleolithic era ma
h. Agricultural Revolution ma
g. foraging
Page | 4 ma ma
