PNB 2265 Exam 2 || with Complete Solutions.
Blood Flow correct answers Way in the blood moves from vessel to vessel
Which way does blood flow? correct answers From high pressure to low pressuer
How can we get blood to flow with ease? correct answers Establish a constant decrease in
pressure at each step
Resistance correct answers Opposition of blood flow caused by the friction between blood
components coming into contact with vessel walls
How can we change resistance and blood flow correct answers Changing hematocrit or by
changing the radius of the blood vessel
How do we change hematocrit correct answers We have to make/release a hormones, have it
travel to the bone marrow, find a certain stem cell, tell it to differentiate, have it differentiate, and
move it into the circulate
How do we change the radius? correct answers By having the smooth muscle layer of the vessels
contract and narrow or relax and widen
Equation showing the relationship between resistance and radius correct answers R = 1/(r)^4
Where R = Resistance and r = radius
Relationship between resistance and radius correct answers Resistance and radius are inversely
proportional to each other but a small change in radius results in a big change in resistance due to
the exponential factor
aneruysm correct answers When the blood vessels swell due to not being able to withstand the
pressure; occurs in large vessels; since large vessels have large amounts of blood if it bursts there
would be a lot of blood loss
Differences between arterial and venous anatomy correct answers Arteries have a thicker tunica
media and much more developed smooth muslce, Veins have a system of valves to prevent
backflow of blood, veins are more superficial, and veins have a larger lumen/radius due to tunica
media loss
Comparisons between arterial and venous vessel anatomy correct answers Both have the same
three layers, contain smooth muscle, and are both innervates by the sympathetic nervous system
How can veins generate pressure correct answers 1) Create high pressure in the spot they want to
send blood out of
2) Create very low pressure in the place they want to send blood to
How do arteries generate their own pressure correct answers By recoiling due to low compliance
, Local Control correct answers Created in one specific spot in the body at any given time,
originates from tissue, no systemic effect
Causes of vasospasm in local control correct answers Vasodilation: Low O2, CO2, High [H+]
Vasoconstriction: Thromboxane (TXA2)
Which form of arterial regulation contribute to MAP? correct answers Endocrine controls
Endocrine controls correct answers Comes from outside the tissue, involves ANS and endocrine
controls, main regulator of MAP, ANS only has sympathetic controls no antagonistic controls
What GPCR controls vasodilation in Endocrine control? correct answers Beta 2 Adrenergic
receptors, increases cAMP and PKA causing epi to increase and smooth muscle to relax,
decreases TPR and MAP
What factors causes vasospasm in Endocrine control correct answers Causes of vasodilation:
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. Nitric Oxide
Causes of vasoconstriction: Angiotensin II
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide correct answers Hormone produced by the heart for adjusting the blood
getting returned to the heart
What GPCR causes arterioles to vasoconstrict correct answers Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors
(Gi/Gq) causes increase in Ca or decrease in cAMP causing norepi increase, increase TPR and
MAP
Venous system limitations due to compliance correct answers Loss of tunica media
Low pressure
Veins can't generate their own pressure
How do veins overcome tunica media loss correct answers The lumen/radius of the vessel is
larger to maximize blood flow
How do veins overcome low pressure correct answers System of valves prevent blood pooling
and backflow, these valves help blood move foward
What external factors cause venous pressure correct answers Skeletal muscle pump
Negative pressure pump
skeletal muscle pump correct answers pumping effect of contracting skeletal muscles on blood
flow through underlying vessels
Negative pressure pump correct answers Low pressure is created through breathing and as you
breath and expand the thoracic cavity, the heart chambers stretch out increasing volume and
decreasing pressure
Blood Flow correct answers Way in the blood moves from vessel to vessel
Which way does blood flow? correct answers From high pressure to low pressuer
How can we get blood to flow with ease? correct answers Establish a constant decrease in
pressure at each step
Resistance correct answers Opposition of blood flow caused by the friction between blood
components coming into contact with vessel walls
How can we change resistance and blood flow correct answers Changing hematocrit or by
changing the radius of the blood vessel
How do we change hematocrit correct answers We have to make/release a hormones, have it
travel to the bone marrow, find a certain stem cell, tell it to differentiate, have it differentiate, and
move it into the circulate
How do we change the radius? correct answers By having the smooth muscle layer of the vessels
contract and narrow or relax and widen
Equation showing the relationship between resistance and radius correct answers R = 1/(r)^4
Where R = Resistance and r = radius
Relationship between resistance and radius correct answers Resistance and radius are inversely
proportional to each other but a small change in radius results in a big change in resistance due to
the exponential factor
aneruysm correct answers When the blood vessels swell due to not being able to withstand the
pressure; occurs in large vessels; since large vessels have large amounts of blood if it bursts there
would be a lot of blood loss
Differences between arterial and venous anatomy correct answers Arteries have a thicker tunica
media and much more developed smooth muslce, Veins have a system of valves to prevent
backflow of blood, veins are more superficial, and veins have a larger lumen/radius due to tunica
media loss
Comparisons between arterial and venous vessel anatomy correct answers Both have the same
three layers, contain smooth muscle, and are both innervates by the sympathetic nervous system
How can veins generate pressure correct answers 1) Create high pressure in the spot they want to
send blood out of
2) Create very low pressure in the place they want to send blood to
How do arteries generate their own pressure correct answers By recoiling due to low compliance
, Local Control correct answers Created in one specific spot in the body at any given time,
originates from tissue, no systemic effect
Causes of vasospasm in local control correct answers Vasodilation: Low O2, CO2, High [H+]
Vasoconstriction: Thromboxane (TXA2)
Which form of arterial regulation contribute to MAP? correct answers Endocrine controls
Endocrine controls correct answers Comes from outside the tissue, involves ANS and endocrine
controls, main regulator of MAP, ANS only has sympathetic controls no antagonistic controls
What GPCR controls vasodilation in Endocrine control? correct answers Beta 2 Adrenergic
receptors, increases cAMP and PKA causing epi to increase and smooth muscle to relax,
decreases TPR and MAP
What factors causes vasospasm in Endocrine control correct answers Causes of vasodilation:
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. Nitric Oxide
Causes of vasoconstriction: Angiotensin II
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide correct answers Hormone produced by the heart for adjusting the blood
getting returned to the heart
What GPCR causes arterioles to vasoconstrict correct answers Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors
(Gi/Gq) causes increase in Ca or decrease in cAMP causing norepi increase, increase TPR and
MAP
Venous system limitations due to compliance correct answers Loss of tunica media
Low pressure
Veins can't generate their own pressure
How do veins overcome tunica media loss correct answers The lumen/radius of the vessel is
larger to maximize blood flow
How do veins overcome low pressure correct answers System of valves prevent blood pooling
and backflow, these valves help blood move foward
What external factors cause venous pressure correct answers Skeletal muscle pump
Negative pressure pump
skeletal muscle pump correct answers pumping effect of contracting skeletal muscles on blood
flow through underlying vessels
Negative pressure pump correct answers Low pressure is created through breathing and as you
breath and expand the thoracic cavity, the heart chambers stretch out increasing volume and
decreasing pressure
