Inleiding tot de wereldgeschiedenis
Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Wat is wereldgeschiedenis? ............................................................................................................. 5
3 benaderingen............................................................................................................................. 5
Een historisch overzicht ................................................................................................................... 6
Afbakening: schalen van tijd en ruimte .............................................................................................. 7
Rode draden .................................................................................................................................... 7
Evolutie en migratie ...................................................................................................................... 8
Biologische evolutie ......................................................................................................................... 8
Evolutie van hominiden ............................................................................................................... 10
Genus ‘homo’ ............................................................................................................................. 10
Homo sapiens ............................................................................................................................ 11
Homo Neaderthalensis ............................................................................................................... 11
Sociale evolutie ..............................................................................................................................12
Op zoek naar een ‘tipping point’? ................................................................................................. 12
Oorsprong sociale evolutie.......................................................................................................... 12
Werktuigen ................................................................................................................................. 12
Voorbeeld van biosociale revolutie .............................................................................................. 13
Syntactische taal ........................................................................................................................ 13
Symbolisch gedrag ..................................................................................................................... 14
Sociale verbanden ...................................................................................................................... 14
Migratie ..........................................................................................................................................15
Migratie ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Oorzaken ................................................................................................................................... 16
Voorwaarden .............................................................................................................................. 16
Sociale relaties ........................................................................................................................... 16
Sociale netwerken ...................................................................................................................... 17
Culturen ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Gevolgen .................................................................................................................................... 18
Conclusies .....................................................................................................................................18
Landbouw ................................................................................................................................... 19
Demografie ....................................................................................................................................19
Energie ....................................................................................................................................... 21
Waarom? .......................................................................................................................................21
Discussie uit 1960 ...................................................................................................................... 21
Domesticatie? ................................................................................................................................22
1
, Domesticatie van planten ........................................................................................................... 22
Domesticatie van dieren ............................................................................................................. 23
Casus: de Vruchtbare Sikkel........................................................................................................ 23
Gevolgen ........................................................................................................................................24
Een historische vergissing? ......................................................................................................... 24
Verspreiding ...................................................................................................................................24
Geografisch determinisme ..............................................................................................................25
Jared Diamond & de diepte van ongelijkheid................................................................................. 25
Kritiek op Jared Diamond............................................................................................................. 25
Conclusies .....................................................................................................................................25
Steden, staten en nomaden ......................................................................................................... 26
Inleiding: Gilgamesh en Enkidu ........................................................................................................26
Beschaving en sociale complexiteit .................................................................................................26
Verstedelijking ................................................................................................................................27
Stedelijke functies ...................................................................................................................... 29
Stedelijke diversiteit.................................................................................................................... 30
Staten ............................................................................................................................................30
Verschil stadstaten en staten ...................................................................................................... 31
Verspreiding staten na 2000 BCE ................................................................................................. 31
Buiten de staat ...............................................................................................................................32
Nomadische culturen ................................................................................................................. 32
Vroege rijken herbekijken ............................................................................................................ 32
James C. Scott............................................................................................................................ 32
Crisis van de late bronstijd .......................................................................................................... 33
Imperia en filosofen..................................................................................................................... 34
De ‘spiltijd’ .....................................................................................................................................34
Regionale perspectieven .................................................................................................................35
Indië........................................................................................................................................... 35
China ......................................................................................................................................... 36
Perzië ......................................................................................................................................... 37
Griekenland................................................................................................................................ 37
Rome ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Synthese ........................................................................................................................................38
Vergelijkingen ............................................................................................................................. 38
Verbindingen .............................................................................................................................. 39
Handelaars en ziektekiemen ........................................................................................................ 40
Inleiding .........................................................................................................................................40
Reisverhalen ..................................................................................................................................41
De zijderoutes ................................................................................................................................42
2
, Dunhuang .................................................................................................................................. 43
Sogdiërs ..................................................................................................................................... 43
Zijde ........................................................................................................................................... 43
Het Mongoolse Rijk (vanaf 1206) .................................................................................................. 44
De maritieme route .........................................................................................................................44
Groei na 1000 BCE ...................................................................................................................... 44
Technologie ................................................................................................................................ 44
Het wereldwijde web in wording .................................................................................................. 44
Gevolgen ........................................................................................................................................45
Unversele religies ....................................................................................................................... 45
Ziekte ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Kennis en cultuur ........................................................................................................................ 45
Connectie en divergentie ............................................................................................................. 46
Inleiding .........................................................................................................................................46
De ‘Grote Divergentie’ .....................................................................................................................46
The Great Divergence .................................................................................................................. 46
15e-16e eeuw ..................................................................................................................................47
Europese kolonisatie (15e-16e eeuw) – Portugal ............................................................................ 47
Waarom Portugal? ...................................................................................................................... 49
Vasco da Gama (1498) ................................................................................................................ 49
Spanje........................................................................................................................................ 50
Verovering Nieuwe wereld ........................................................................................................... 50
De Columbian exchange ............................................................................................................. 50
Het Atlantisch Systeem ...................................................................................................................51
17e-18e eeuw ..................................................................................................................................51
Nieuwe Europese actoren ........................................................................................................... 51
The Rise of the West? ......................................................................................................................51
Europese dynamiek .................................................................................................................... 52
Globale dynamiek ....................................................................................................................... 52
Geen divergentie......................................................................................................................... 52
De Industriële revolutie ............................................................................................................... 53
Economische groei .........................................................................................................................53
Industriële revolutie ........................................................................................................................54
Casus: katoen ............................................................................................................................ 55
Gebruik van energiebronnen ....................................................................................................... 55
Oorzaken .......................................................................................................................................56
Commercialisering ..................................................................................................................... 56
Politieke instituties ..................................................................................................................... 57
Gevolgen ........................................................................................................................................58
De tweede Industriële revolutie .......................................................................................................59
3
, Samenvattend ................................................................................................................................59
Politieke omwenteling ................................................................................................................. 60
Inleiding .........................................................................................................................................60
Revoluties en natiestaten ................................................................................................................60
Een wereld van natie-staten ........................................................................................................ 60
Het tijdperk van revoluties ........................................................................................................... 61
Natie- en staatsvorming .............................................................................................................. 63
Einde van pre-moderne imperia ................................................................................................... 64
Modern imperialisme ......................................................................................................................65
Nationalisme & imperalisme ....................................................................................................... 65
Modern imperialisme .................................................................................................................. 67
Nakende crisis............................................................................................................................ 70
4
Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Wat is wereldgeschiedenis? ............................................................................................................. 5
3 benaderingen............................................................................................................................. 5
Een historisch overzicht ................................................................................................................... 6
Afbakening: schalen van tijd en ruimte .............................................................................................. 7
Rode draden .................................................................................................................................... 7
Evolutie en migratie ...................................................................................................................... 8
Biologische evolutie ......................................................................................................................... 8
Evolutie van hominiden ............................................................................................................... 10
Genus ‘homo’ ............................................................................................................................. 10
Homo sapiens ............................................................................................................................ 11
Homo Neaderthalensis ............................................................................................................... 11
Sociale evolutie ..............................................................................................................................12
Op zoek naar een ‘tipping point’? ................................................................................................. 12
Oorsprong sociale evolutie.......................................................................................................... 12
Werktuigen ................................................................................................................................. 12
Voorbeeld van biosociale revolutie .............................................................................................. 13
Syntactische taal ........................................................................................................................ 13
Symbolisch gedrag ..................................................................................................................... 14
Sociale verbanden ...................................................................................................................... 14
Migratie ..........................................................................................................................................15
Migratie ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Oorzaken ................................................................................................................................... 16
Voorwaarden .............................................................................................................................. 16
Sociale relaties ........................................................................................................................... 16
Sociale netwerken ...................................................................................................................... 17
Culturen ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Gevolgen .................................................................................................................................... 18
Conclusies .....................................................................................................................................18
Landbouw ................................................................................................................................... 19
Demografie ....................................................................................................................................19
Energie ....................................................................................................................................... 21
Waarom? .......................................................................................................................................21
Discussie uit 1960 ...................................................................................................................... 21
Domesticatie? ................................................................................................................................22
1
, Domesticatie van planten ........................................................................................................... 22
Domesticatie van dieren ............................................................................................................. 23
Casus: de Vruchtbare Sikkel........................................................................................................ 23
Gevolgen ........................................................................................................................................24
Een historische vergissing? ......................................................................................................... 24
Verspreiding ...................................................................................................................................24
Geografisch determinisme ..............................................................................................................25
Jared Diamond & de diepte van ongelijkheid................................................................................. 25
Kritiek op Jared Diamond............................................................................................................. 25
Conclusies .....................................................................................................................................25
Steden, staten en nomaden ......................................................................................................... 26
Inleiding: Gilgamesh en Enkidu ........................................................................................................26
Beschaving en sociale complexiteit .................................................................................................26
Verstedelijking ................................................................................................................................27
Stedelijke functies ...................................................................................................................... 29
Stedelijke diversiteit.................................................................................................................... 30
Staten ............................................................................................................................................30
Verschil stadstaten en staten ...................................................................................................... 31
Verspreiding staten na 2000 BCE ................................................................................................. 31
Buiten de staat ...............................................................................................................................32
Nomadische culturen ................................................................................................................. 32
Vroege rijken herbekijken ............................................................................................................ 32
James C. Scott............................................................................................................................ 32
Crisis van de late bronstijd .......................................................................................................... 33
Imperia en filosofen..................................................................................................................... 34
De ‘spiltijd’ .....................................................................................................................................34
Regionale perspectieven .................................................................................................................35
Indië........................................................................................................................................... 35
China ......................................................................................................................................... 36
Perzië ......................................................................................................................................... 37
Griekenland................................................................................................................................ 37
Rome ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Synthese ........................................................................................................................................38
Vergelijkingen ............................................................................................................................. 38
Verbindingen .............................................................................................................................. 39
Handelaars en ziektekiemen ........................................................................................................ 40
Inleiding .........................................................................................................................................40
Reisverhalen ..................................................................................................................................41
De zijderoutes ................................................................................................................................42
2
, Dunhuang .................................................................................................................................. 43
Sogdiërs ..................................................................................................................................... 43
Zijde ........................................................................................................................................... 43
Het Mongoolse Rijk (vanaf 1206) .................................................................................................. 44
De maritieme route .........................................................................................................................44
Groei na 1000 BCE ...................................................................................................................... 44
Technologie ................................................................................................................................ 44
Het wereldwijde web in wording .................................................................................................. 44
Gevolgen ........................................................................................................................................45
Unversele religies ....................................................................................................................... 45
Ziekte ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Kennis en cultuur ........................................................................................................................ 45
Connectie en divergentie ............................................................................................................. 46
Inleiding .........................................................................................................................................46
De ‘Grote Divergentie’ .....................................................................................................................46
The Great Divergence .................................................................................................................. 46
15e-16e eeuw ..................................................................................................................................47
Europese kolonisatie (15e-16e eeuw) – Portugal ............................................................................ 47
Waarom Portugal? ...................................................................................................................... 49
Vasco da Gama (1498) ................................................................................................................ 49
Spanje........................................................................................................................................ 50
Verovering Nieuwe wereld ........................................................................................................... 50
De Columbian exchange ............................................................................................................. 50
Het Atlantisch Systeem ...................................................................................................................51
17e-18e eeuw ..................................................................................................................................51
Nieuwe Europese actoren ........................................................................................................... 51
The Rise of the West? ......................................................................................................................51
Europese dynamiek .................................................................................................................... 52
Globale dynamiek ....................................................................................................................... 52
Geen divergentie......................................................................................................................... 52
De Industriële revolutie ............................................................................................................... 53
Economische groei .........................................................................................................................53
Industriële revolutie ........................................................................................................................54
Casus: katoen ............................................................................................................................ 55
Gebruik van energiebronnen ....................................................................................................... 55
Oorzaken .......................................................................................................................................56
Commercialisering ..................................................................................................................... 56
Politieke instituties ..................................................................................................................... 57
Gevolgen ........................................................................................................................................58
De tweede Industriële revolutie .......................................................................................................59
3
, Samenvattend ................................................................................................................................59
Politieke omwenteling ................................................................................................................. 60
Inleiding .........................................................................................................................................60
Revoluties en natiestaten ................................................................................................................60
Een wereld van natie-staten ........................................................................................................ 60
Het tijdperk van revoluties ........................................................................................................... 61
Natie- en staatsvorming .............................................................................................................. 63
Einde van pre-moderne imperia ................................................................................................... 64
Modern imperialisme ......................................................................................................................65
Nationalisme & imperalisme ....................................................................................................... 65
Modern imperialisme .................................................................................................................. 67
Nakende crisis............................................................................................................................ 70
4
