Microbial Genetics, Pathogens, and Disease
Mechanisms in Microbiology Test with complete
solutions latest 2026/27 UPDATE
Microbial genetics
The study of how microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, Protozoa inherit and use genetic
information.
Genetics
The science of heredity.
Important people who helped discover the structure of DNA
Rosland Franklin helped the X-ray and James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double
helix.
Gene
DNA segment or unit of heredity.
Genome
All the genes in your body.
Plasmids
Do not carry genetic information. They are essential for normal structure, growth, and
metabolism.
F plasmid
Transfers genetic material through conjugation (donor to recipient).
, R plasmid
Carry genes for antibiotic resistance.
Gene expression
Information from a gene is used to make a product, usually a protein.
Protein synthesis
Makes protein with the instruction of the DNA.
mRNA
Carries codon to ribosome.
tRNA
Carries anticodon and amino acid to ribosome.
rRNA
Together with proteins, they make up ribosomes.
DNA replication
Copying process of genetic material.
Leading strand
Continuous, reading towards replication fork.
Lagging strand
Reads backwards, starts and stops.
Mechanisms in Microbiology Test with complete
solutions latest 2026/27 UPDATE
Microbial genetics
The study of how microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, Protozoa inherit and use genetic
information.
Genetics
The science of heredity.
Important people who helped discover the structure of DNA
Rosland Franklin helped the X-ray and James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double
helix.
Gene
DNA segment or unit of heredity.
Genome
All the genes in your body.
Plasmids
Do not carry genetic information. They are essential for normal structure, growth, and
metabolism.
F plasmid
Transfers genetic material through conjugation (donor to recipient).
, R plasmid
Carry genes for antibiotic resistance.
Gene expression
Information from a gene is used to make a product, usually a protein.
Protein synthesis
Makes protein with the instruction of the DNA.
mRNA
Carries codon to ribosome.
tRNA
Carries anticodon and amino acid to ribosome.
rRNA
Together with proteins, they make up ribosomes.
DNA replication
Copying process of genetic material.
Leading strand
Continuous, reading towards replication fork.
Lagging strand
Reads backwards, starts and stops.
