MDC3
Exam 1
Review
1. Breast Cancer
a. Risk Factors
i. Women
ii. Post menopause
iii. > 60 years old
iv. BRCA1 and/or BRCA2
v. Dense breasts
vi. Hx of previous breast cancer
vii. 2 first-degree relatives with breast ca
viii. Smoking
ix. Nulliparity
x. First child near or after age 30
xi. Early menstruation
xii. Late menopause
xiii. Oral contraceptives
xiv. Hormone replacement therapy
xv. Obesity
xvi. Alcohol consumption
xvii. High socioeconomic status (choice in test, but not marked as correct answer –
although it is mentioned in textbook)
xviii. Breast cellular changes (hyperplasia, atypical appearances)
xix. Personal hx of colon, endometrial, or ovarian cancer
xx. Jewish decent
b. Screening
i. Monthly self-breast exams (most important education topic)
ii. Mammograms:
1. Women ages 40-44: should have the choice to start annual
mammograms
2. Women ages 45-54: should get a mammogram every year (annual
mammograms beginning at the age of 45)
3. Women 55 and older: should be switched to every 2 years or annually, if
preferred; should continue as long as woman is in good health
c. Testing
i. Mammogram – can help reveal masses too small to be detected by manual
palpation
ii. 3-D Mammogram (tomosynthesis) – can better differentiate suspicious tissue
from normal tissue
iii. Ultrasound – used to help clarify findings on mammograms by differentiating if a
lesion is a fluid-filled cyst or a solid mass
iv. MRI – used to screen high-risk women and provide a better exam of suspicious
areas found on mammograms
1
, MDC3
Exam 1
Review
v. Biopsy – the only definitive way to diagnose breast cancer
vi. BRCA1 & BRCA2 – genetic mutation that result in a patient having a lifetime risk
of breast cancer of about 20-25% greater
2. Cervical Cancer
a. Prevention
i. HPV vaccine
1. Ages 9-26 (before their first sexual encounter)
ii. Routine Pap smears
1. At least every 3 years for ages 21-29
2. Every 3 years with HPV testing every 5 years for ages 30-65
3. Uterine Leiomyoma
a. Signs & Symptoms
i. Many women don’t have any signs or symptoms
ii. Bleeding, pain, or symptoms associated with pelvic pressure
iii. Heavy bleeding is the main reason for women to seek medical attention
1. Needs CBC done
2. Interview questions – Are you feeling weak, dizzy, or lightheaded?
iv. Pelvic pressure
v. Altered patterns of elimination
vi. Increased abdominal size – assess for abdominal distention or enlargement
4. Endometrial Cancer
a. Signs & Symptoms
i. Abnormal uterine bleeding, especially in post-menopausal women
ii. Pain during urination
iii. Pain during intercourse
b. Provide an atmosphere that supports acceptance and discussion
5. Vulvovaginitis
a. Patient Education
i. Wear cotton underwear
ii. Avoid tight clothes
iii. Wipe front to back
iv. Cleanse inner labia with water not soap
v. Do not douche
vi. Avoid sprays / perfumes in vaginal area
vii. Treat sexual infections and abstain until treatment complete
6. Toxic Shock Syndrome
a. Patient Education
i. Change tampons every 4-6 hours
ii. Careful and clean use of tampons
iii. At nighttime, ONLY use sanitary pads (not tampons)
iv. Avoid superabsorbent tampons, use smallest effective tampon possible
v. Never using tampons is the ONLY way to eliminate risk from tampons
vi. Avoid internal contraceptives
2
Exam 1
Review
1. Breast Cancer
a. Risk Factors
i. Women
ii. Post menopause
iii. > 60 years old
iv. BRCA1 and/or BRCA2
v. Dense breasts
vi. Hx of previous breast cancer
vii. 2 first-degree relatives with breast ca
viii. Smoking
ix. Nulliparity
x. First child near or after age 30
xi. Early menstruation
xii. Late menopause
xiii. Oral contraceptives
xiv. Hormone replacement therapy
xv. Obesity
xvi. Alcohol consumption
xvii. High socioeconomic status (choice in test, but not marked as correct answer –
although it is mentioned in textbook)
xviii. Breast cellular changes (hyperplasia, atypical appearances)
xix. Personal hx of colon, endometrial, or ovarian cancer
xx. Jewish decent
b. Screening
i. Monthly self-breast exams (most important education topic)
ii. Mammograms:
1. Women ages 40-44: should have the choice to start annual
mammograms
2. Women ages 45-54: should get a mammogram every year (annual
mammograms beginning at the age of 45)
3. Women 55 and older: should be switched to every 2 years or annually, if
preferred; should continue as long as woman is in good health
c. Testing
i. Mammogram – can help reveal masses too small to be detected by manual
palpation
ii. 3-D Mammogram (tomosynthesis) – can better differentiate suspicious tissue
from normal tissue
iii. Ultrasound – used to help clarify findings on mammograms by differentiating if a
lesion is a fluid-filled cyst or a solid mass
iv. MRI – used to screen high-risk women and provide a better exam of suspicious
areas found on mammograms
1
, MDC3
Exam 1
Review
v. Biopsy – the only definitive way to diagnose breast cancer
vi. BRCA1 & BRCA2 – genetic mutation that result in a patient having a lifetime risk
of breast cancer of about 20-25% greater
2. Cervical Cancer
a. Prevention
i. HPV vaccine
1. Ages 9-26 (before their first sexual encounter)
ii. Routine Pap smears
1. At least every 3 years for ages 21-29
2. Every 3 years with HPV testing every 5 years for ages 30-65
3. Uterine Leiomyoma
a. Signs & Symptoms
i. Many women don’t have any signs or symptoms
ii. Bleeding, pain, or symptoms associated with pelvic pressure
iii. Heavy bleeding is the main reason for women to seek medical attention
1. Needs CBC done
2. Interview questions – Are you feeling weak, dizzy, or lightheaded?
iv. Pelvic pressure
v. Altered patterns of elimination
vi. Increased abdominal size – assess for abdominal distention or enlargement
4. Endometrial Cancer
a. Signs & Symptoms
i. Abnormal uterine bleeding, especially in post-menopausal women
ii. Pain during urination
iii. Pain during intercourse
b. Provide an atmosphere that supports acceptance and discussion
5. Vulvovaginitis
a. Patient Education
i. Wear cotton underwear
ii. Avoid tight clothes
iii. Wipe front to back
iv. Cleanse inner labia with water not soap
v. Do not douche
vi. Avoid sprays / perfumes in vaginal area
vii. Treat sexual infections and abstain until treatment complete
6. Toxic Shock Syndrome
a. Patient Education
i. Change tampons every 4-6 hours
ii. Careful and clean use of tampons
iii. At nighttime, ONLY use sanitary pads (not tampons)
iv. Avoid superabsorbent tampons, use smallest effective tampon possible
v. Never using tampons is the ONLY way to eliminate risk from tampons
vi. Avoid internal contraceptives
2
