Perfusion Basics Exam Comprehensive
Questions and Answers | A+ Graded | With
Expert Solutions
Q: 1. Define perfusion
Answer: Perfusion = delivery of oxygenated blood and nutrients to tissues and removal of waste
products.
Q: 2. What happens if perfusion is impaired?
Answer: Inadequate tissue oxygenation 'tissue damage 'organ failure.
Q: 3. Which three components interact to achieve perfusion?
Answer: Heart (pumps), blood vessels (carry blood), and blood (carries oxygen/nutrients).
Q: 4. During which cardiac phase does the heart fill and eject blood?
Answer: Fills during diastole, ejects during systole.
Q: 5. What is cardiac output (CO) and the normal range?
Answer: CO = amount of blood pumped per minute; normal range 4-8 L/min.
Q: 6. Formula for cardiac output?
Answer: CO = HR × SV (heart rate × stroke volume).
Q: 7. What is preload vs afterload?
Answer: Preload = volume in ventricles at end of diastole. Afterload = resistance heart must pump
against (measured as SVR).
Q: 8. How does systemic vascular resistance (SVR) affect afterload?
Answer: ‘SVR (e.g., hypertension) increases afterload, making pumping harder poor perfusion?
Q: 9. Does low or high cardiac output cause poor perfusion?
Q: 10. What are four signs of Low cardiac output. -Urine output <30 mL/hr (or <0.5-1
mL/kg/hr for children <30 kg) -Cool, clammy skin
Answer: -Weak/absent/bounding pulses -Capillary refill >3 seconds
Q: 11. Normal cardiovascular vital signs: HR, BP, and pulse pressure?
Answer: HR: 60-100 bpm BP: 1d20/80 mmHg Pulse pressure: >40 mmHg
Q: 12. Define abnormal cardiovascular findings: bradycardia, tachycardia,
hypertension, hypotension.
Answer: Bradycardia: HR <60 Tachycardia: HR >100 Hypertension: 1e40/90 Hypotension: 9d0/60
Page 1
Questions and Answers | A+ Graded | With
Expert Solutions
Q: 1. Define perfusion
Answer: Perfusion = delivery of oxygenated blood and nutrients to tissues and removal of waste
products.
Q: 2. What happens if perfusion is impaired?
Answer: Inadequate tissue oxygenation 'tissue damage 'organ failure.
Q: 3. Which three components interact to achieve perfusion?
Answer: Heart (pumps), blood vessels (carry blood), and blood (carries oxygen/nutrients).
Q: 4. During which cardiac phase does the heart fill and eject blood?
Answer: Fills during diastole, ejects during systole.
Q: 5. What is cardiac output (CO) and the normal range?
Answer: CO = amount of blood pumped per minute; normal range 4-8 L/min.
Q: 6. Formula for cardiac output?
Answer: CO = HR × SV (heart rate × stroke volume).
Q: 7. What is preload vs afterload?
Answer: Preload = volume in ventricles at end of diastole. Afterload = resistance heart must pump
against (measured as SVR).
Q: 8. How does systemic vascular resistance (SVR) affect afterload?
Answer: ‘SVR (e.g., hypertension) increases afterload, making pumping harder poor perfusion?
Q: 9. Does low or high cardiac output cause poor perfusion?
Q: 10. What are four signs of Low cardiac output. -Urine output <30 mL/hr (or <0.5-1
mL/kg/hr for children <30 kg) -Cool, clammy skin
Answer: -Weak/absent/bounding pulses -Capillary refill >3 seconds
Q: 11. Normal cardiovascular vital signs: HR, BP, and pulse pressure?
Answer: HR: 60-100 bpm BP: 1d20/80 mmHg Pulse pressure: >40 mmHg
Q: 12. Define abnormal cardiovascular findings: bradycardia, tachycardia,
hypertension, hypotension.
Answer: Bradycardia: HR <60 Tachycardia: HR >100 Hypertension: 1e40/90 Hypotension: 9d0/60
Page 1
