4006 MIDTERM EXAM MOCK TEST WITH
ANSWER RATIONALES 2026
◉ hypernatremia manifestations.
Answer: thirst, dry sticky membranes, decreased urine output, fever,
rough dry tongue, if severe lethargy can turn into coma
◉ hypokalemia manifestations.
Answer: fatigue, vomiting, anorexia, cardiac arrhythmias, leg
cramps, severe is death from cardiac or respiratory arrest
◉ Hyperkalemia manifestations.
Answer: diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, parenthesis, cardiac
arrhythmias
◉ Hypocalcemia manifestations.
Answer: Positive Trousseau's or Chvostek's sign, mental changes,
laryngeal spasms, seizures, bleeding, cardiac arrhythmias
◉ Hypercalcemia manifestations.
Answer: deep bone pain, constipation, polyuria, thirst, pathological
fractures, can promote formation of kidney stones
,◉ hypomagnesemia manifestations.
Answer: tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, neuromuscular
irritability, parenthesis of extremities, foot and leg cramps,
hypertension, positive Trousseau's or Chvostek's sign
◉ hypermagnesemia manifestations.
Answer: flushing, warmth, hypotension, lethargy, bradycardia,
depressed respirations and coma
◉ the types of distributive shock.
Answer: neurogenic, anaphylactic, septic
◉ obstructive shock.
Answer: impaired filling of the heart with blood due to mechanical
impediement
◉ cardiogenic shock.
Answer: decreased force of ventricular contraction leading to
inadequate intravascular volume and tissue hypoxia
◉ compensatory stage of shock.
,Answer: release of catecholamines, activation of RAAS system,
production of ADH and corticosteriod hormones
◉ decompensation stage of shock.
Answer: cellular hypoxia, coagulation defects, cardiovascular
changes, metabolic acidosis
◉ irreversible stage of shock.
Answer: cell death and organ failure
◉ imagine studies of the lungs.
Answer: chest x-rays show size, shape and position of lungs; purpose
is to screen for asymptomatic disease and diagnose tumors, foreign
bodies and abnormal conditions
◉ pulmonary angiography.
Answer: radioisotope study that allows physician to assess the
arterial circulation of the lungs. contrast medium is injected through
the femoral artery
◉ perfusion scan.
Answer: radioactive contrast medium administered intravenously
, ◉ ventilation scan.
Answer: inhaling radioactive gas
◉ gallium scan.
Answer: determines if any inflammatory conditions exist within the
lungs or if abscesses, adhesions, or tumors are present
◉ PET scan.
Answer: radioisotopes to differentiate normal and abnormal tissue
and view metabolic changes
◉ bronchoscopy.
Answer: bronchoscope introduced through nose, mouth, or trach for
direct visualization
◉ laryngoscopy.
Answer: direct visualization of larynx using laryngoscope
◉ mediastinoscopy.
Answer: incision made above sternum and scope inserted for
visualization of lymph nodes and biopsy samples
◉ thorascopy.
ANSWER RATIONALES 2026
◉ hypernatremia manifestations.
Answer: thirst, dry sticky membranes, decreased urine output, fever,
rough dry tongue, if severe lethargy can turn into coma
◉ hypokalemia manifestations.
Answer: fatigue, vomiting, anorexia, cardiac arrhythmias, leg
cramps, severe is death from cardiac or respiratory arrest
◉ Hyperkalemia manifestations.
Answer: diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, parenthesis, cardiac
arrhythmias
◉ Hypocalcemia manifestations.
Answer: Positive Trousseau's or Chvostek's sign, mental changes,
laryngeal spasms, seizures, bleeding, cardiac arrhythmias
◉ Hypercalcemia manifestations.
Answer: deep bone pain, constipation, polyuria, thirst, pathological
fractures, can promote formation of kidney stones
,◉ hypomagnesemia manifestations.
Answer: tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, neuromuscular
irritability, parenthesis of extremities, foot and leg cramps,
hypertension, positive Trousseau's or Chvostek's sign
◉ hypermagnesemia manifestations.
Answer: flushing, warmth, hypotension, lethargy, bradycardia,
depressed respirations and coma
◉ the types of distributive shock.
Answer: neurogenic, anaphylactic, septic
◉ obstructive shock.
Answer: impaired filling of the heart with blood due to mechanical
impediement
◉ cardiogenic shock.
Answer: decreased force of ventricular contraction leading to
inadequate intravascular volume and tissue hypoxia
◉ compensatory stage of shock.
,Answer: release of catecholamines, activation of RAAS system,
production of ADH and corticosteriod hormones
◉ decompensation stage of shock.
Answer: cellular hypoxia, coagulation defects, cardiovascular
changes, metabolic acidosis
◉ irreversible stage of shock.
Answer: cell death and organ failure
◉ imagine studies of the lungs.
Answer: chest x-rays show size, shape and position of lungs; purpose
is to screen for asymptomatic disease and diagnose tumors, foreign
bodies and abnormal conditions
◉ pulmonary angiography.
Answer: radioisotope study that allows physician to assess the
arterial circulation of the lungs. contrast medium is injected through
the femoral artery
◉ perfusion scan.
Answer: radioactive contrast medium administered intravenously
, ◉ ventilation scan.
Answer: inhaling radioactive gas
◉ gallium scan.
Answer: determines if any inflammatory conditions exist within the
lungs or if abscesses, adhesions, or tumors are present
◉ PET scan.
Answer: radioisotopes to differentiate normal and abnormal tissue
and view metabolic changes
◉ bronchoscopy.
Answer: bronchoscope introduced through nose, mouth, or trach for
direct visualization
◉ laryngoscopy.
Answer: direct visualization of larynx using laryngoscope
◉ mediastinoscopy.
Answer: incision made above sternum and scope inserted for
visualization of lymph nodes and biopsy samples
◉ thorascopy.
