4006 MIDTERM EXAM HIGH-YIELD KEY TOPICS
AND APPLICATION SUMMARY 2026
◉ osmotic pressure.
Answer: water moves across cell membrane from low solute
concentration to high solute concentration
◉ extracellular fluid is hypertonic.
Answer: ECF has higher concentration of solutes
water moves out of cells to balance solute concentration
cells shrink
◉ clinical manifestion of gi bleed & fluid vol deficit.
Answer: dry oral mucosa (hypovolemia)
◉ hypovolemic shock.
Answer: shock resulting from blood or fluid loss
◉ nursing actions for pt w hyponatremia.
Answer: increase sodium
fluid restriction
,diuretics
◉ administering loop diuretic monitor for.
Answer: electrolyte imbalance (k+)
hypotension - pulse (weak, irregular)
dehydration
◉ pt high risk for hypermagnesiemia.
Answer: AKI, CKD
kidneys excrete excess mg, impaired renal function leads to retained
mg
◉ pt with total thyroidectomy monitor for.
Answer: Chvostek sign (increased irritability of the facial nerve)
low calcium levels
◉ The Role of the Lungs in Acid-Base Buffering.
Answer: regulate pH by adjusting CO₂ levels through changes in
breathing patterns
◉ respiratory acidosis.
Answer: low pH, high CO2
, from hypoventilation
◉ respiratory alkalosis.
Answer: high pH, low CO2
hyperventilation
◉ pH normal values.
Answer: 7.35-7.45
◉ CO2 normal values.
Answer: 35-45 mmHg
◉ HCO3 normal values.
Answer: 22-26 mEq/L
◉ respiratory acidosis abg results.
Answer: low pH
high PaCO2
normal or high HCO3
◉ respiratory alkalosis abg results.
Answer: high pH
AND APPLICATION SUMMARY 2026
◉ osmotic pressure.
Answer: water moves across cell membrane from low solute
concentration to high solute concentration
◉ extracellular fluid is hypertonic.
Answer: ECF has higher concentration of solutes
water moves out of cells to balance solute concentration
cells shrink
◉ clinical manifestion of gi bleed & fluid vol deficit.
Answer: dry oral mucosa (hypovolemia)
◉ hypovolemic shock.
Answer: shock resulting from blood or fluid loss
◉ nursing actions for pt w hyponatremia.
Answer: increase sodium
fluid restriction
,diuretics
◉ administering loop diuretic monitor for.
Answer: electrolyte imbalance (k+)
hypotension - pulse (weak, irregular)
dehydration
◉ pt high risk for hypermagnesiemia.
Answer: AKI, CKD
kidneys excrete excess mg, impaired renal function leads to retained
mg
◉ pt with total thyroidectomy monitor for.
Answer: Chvostek sign (increased irritability of the facial nerve)
low calcium levels
◉ The Role of the Lungs in Acid-Base Buffering.
Answer: regulate pH by adjusting CO₂ levels through changes in
breathing patterns
◉ respiratory acidosis.
Answer: low pH, high CO2
, from hypoventilation
◉ respiratory alkalosis.
Answer: high pH, low CO2
hyperventilation
◉ pH normal values.
Answer: 7.35-7.45
◉ CO2 normal values.
Answer: 35-45 mmHg
◉ HCO3 normal values.
Answer: 22-26 mEq/L
◉ respiratory acidosis abg results.
Answer: low pH
high PaCO2
normal or high HCO3
◉ respiratory alkalosis abg results.
Answer: high pH
