BIOLOGY 111 CORE MAIN EXAMINATION
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔mitochondrion - ✔✔membrane-bounded organelle that carries out cellular
respiration, producing ATP molecules.
✔✔chloroplast - ✔✔membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane; carries out
photosynthesis, producing sugars
✔✔cytoskeleton - ✔✔microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments;
maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts. (internal framework)
✔✔actin filaments - ✔✔play a role in the movement of the cell and its organelles.
✔✔intermediate filaments - ✔✔ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the
cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells.
✔✔microtubules - ✔✔small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an
✔✔centrosome - ✔✔central microtubule organizing center of cells.
✔✔centrioles - ✔✔9+0 pattern of microtubles; may help organize in mitotic spindle for
chromosome movement during animal cell division
, ✔✔cilia - ✔✔are short, usually numerous hairlike projections.
✔✔flagella - ✔✔are longer, usually fewer, whip-like projections that move in whip-like
fashion.
✔✔Three Components of the Cell Theory - ✔✔1. All organisms are composed of cells,
2. All cells come only from preexisting cells, 3. Smallest unit of life.
✔✔Surface-area-to-volume-ratio - ✔✔cells need a surface area of plasma membrane
large enough to adquately exhange materials; requires that cells be small.
✔✔prokaryotic cells - ✔✔divided into two main domains: Bacteria and Archaea.
✔✔eukaryotic cells - ✔✔are members of the domain Eukarya, including kingdoms
Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, and Protista
✔✔eukaryotic cells - ✔✔their nucleus may have originated as an invagination of the
plasma membrane.
✔✔prokaryotic cells - ✔✔lack a nucleus and are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic
cells.
✔✔glycolipids - ✔✔lipid in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain
attached to a hydrophobic tail.
✔✔glycoproteins - ✔✔a protein in plasma membrane that bears a carbohydrate chain.
✔✔aquaporin - ✔✔channel protein through which water diffuse across a membrane.
✔✔solute - ✔✔substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution.
✔✔solvent - ✔✔liquid portion of a solution that serves to dissolve a solute.
✔✔solution - ✔✔fluid (the solvent) that contains a dissolved solid (the solute).
✔✔differential permeability - ✔✔ability of plasma membranes to regulate the passage of
substances in and out of the cell, allowing some to pass through and preventing the
passage of others.
✔✔tonicity - ✔✔osmolarity of a solution compared to that of a cells.
✔✔isotonic - ✔✔solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of
the cell; causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔mitochondrion - ✔✔membrane-bounded organelle that carries out cellular
respiration, producing ATP molecules.
✔✔chloroplast - ✔✔membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane; carries out
photosynthesis, producing sugars
✔✔cytoskeleton - ✔✔microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments;
maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts. (internal framework)
✔✔actin filaments - ✔✔play a role in the movement of the cell and its organelles.
✔✔intermediate filaments - ✔✔ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the
cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells.
✔✔microtubules - ✔✔small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an
✔✔centrosome - ✔✔central microtubule organizing center of cells.
✔✔centrioles - ✔✔9+0 pattern of microtubles; may help organize in mitotic spindle for
chromosome movement during animal cell division
, ✔✔cilia - ✔✔are short, usually numerous hairlike projections.
✔✔flagella - ✔✔are longer, usually fewer, whip-like projections that move in whip-like
fashion.
✔✔Three Components of the Cell Theory - ✔✔1. All organisms are composed of cells,
2. All cells come only from preexisting cells, 3. Smallest unit of life.
✔✔Surface-area-to-volume-ratio - ✔✔cells need a surface area of plasma membrane
large enough to adquately exhange materials; requires that cells be small.
✔✔prokaryotic cells - ✔✔divided into two main domains: Bacteria and Archaea.
✔✔eukaryotic cells - ✔✔are members of the domain Eukarya, including kingdoms
Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, and Protista
✔✔eukaryotic cells - ✔✔their nucleus may have originated as an invagination of the
plasma membrane.
✔✔prokaryotic cells - ✔✔lack a nucleus and are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic
cells.
✔✔glycolipids - ✔✔lipid in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain
attached to a hydrophobic tail.
✔✔glycoproteins - ✔✔a protein in plasma membrane that bears a carbohydrate chain.
✔✔aquaporin - ✔✔channel protein through which water diffuse across a membrane.
✔✔solute - ✔✔substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution.
✔✔solvent - ✔✔liquid portion of a solution that serves to dissolve a solute.
✔✔solution - ✔✔fluid (the solvent) that contains a dissolved solid (the solute).
✔✔differential permeability - ✔✔ability of plasma membranes to regulate the passage of
substances in and out of the cell, allowing some to pass through and preventing the
passage of others.
✔✔tonicity - ✔✔osmolarity of a solution compared to that of a cells.
✔✔isotonic - ✔✔solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of
the cell; causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis.
