BIOL 235 Midterm 1 Questions and
Answers (100% Verified) ()
activation energy - ANSWER -collision energy needed to break the chemical
bonds of the reactants so a reaction can start
catalysts-what kind are the most important - ANSWER -chemicals that speed up
reactions by lowering the activation energy needed-enzymes are most important
synthesis reaction - ANSWER -is anabolism and endergonic A+B=AB
decomposition reaction - ANSWER -catabolism and exergonic AB=A + B
Exchange reactions - ANSWER -both decomposition and synthesis
reversible reactions - ANSWER -products can reverse to original reactants
oxidation-reduction reactions are always what? - ANSWER -parallel- when one is
oxidized the other is reduced
oxidation - ANSWER -the loss of electrons relaxing energy
reduction - ANSWER -the gain of electrons gaining energy
solvent, solution and solute - ANSWER -the solvent dissolves solute in the
solution
hydrophilic - ANSWER -dissolves easily in water (polar)
hydrophobic - ANSWER -not very water soluble (non-polar)
hydrolysis - ANSWER -decomposition, break down with the addition of water
dehydration synthesis - ANSWER -the build of molecules-and water is formed as
a product (taken out)
high heat capacity - ANSWER -water- changing from liquid to gas takes a large
amount of energy with minimal change to own temperature
, acid - ANSWER -a substance that dissociates into one or more H atoms and
anions
base - ANSWER -removes H from a solution (OH-) hydroxide
which is a proton donor and which is a proton acceptor - ANSWER -acids are
proton donors and bases are proton acceptors
salt - ANSWER -dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions
acidic solutions pH - ANSWER -H is greater than OH and ph is less than 7
basic solutions pH - ANSWER -OH is greater than H and ph is greater than 7
buffer systems - ANSWER -convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or
bases
acidoses - ANSWER -blood ph falls below ph of 7.35
alkalosis - ANSWER -blood ph rises above ph of 7.45
carbonic acid buffer system - ANSWER -adds or removes H+ compensating for
either excess or shortage of H
monomers - ANSWER -dehydration joins the two monomers (hydrogen and
hydroxide removed to form water)-connecting monomers form polymers
isomers - ANSWER -have the same formula but different structures
carbohydrates are made up of? - ANSWER -sugars, glycogen, starches, and
cellulose
monosaccharide - ANSWER -a simple sugar containing 3-7 carbon atoms ending
in "ose"
disaccharide - ANSWER -simple sugar formed from a combo of two
monosaccharides
,polysaccharide - ANSWER -contains 10-1000s of monosaccharides through
dehydration synthesis-startches and cellulose
glycogen - ANSWER -a polysaccharide made entirely of glucose monomers- they
are carbs stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles
starches - ANSWER -polysaccharide formed from glucose in plants in plants and
can be broken down
cellulose - ANSWER -polysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that can't be
digested by humans-forms stool
lipids - ANSWER -are mostly non polar and hydrophobic
lipoprotein - ANSWER -lipid molecules join with hydrophobic protein molecules
to help them become soluble
fatty acids - ANSWER -used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids- can
catabolize to generate ATP
saturated bonds - ANSWER -single bonds between C and H
unsaturated bonds - ANSWER -double bonds (produce kink) between C and H
triglycerides - ANSWER -fats and oils made of a single glycerol and three fatty
acids
glycerol - ANSWER -3 carbon chain forming the backbone of triglycerides with
one fatty acid attached to each carbon
phospholipids - ANSWER -have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains
(tails-non polar) attached to them and a phosphate group at the 3rd carbon (head-
polar)
steroid - ANSWER -4 rings of carbon and are polar with an OH group and
hydrocarbon tail-cholesterol
eicosanoids and two substances it contains - ANSWER -lipids derived from a 20
carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid containing
a. prostaglandis
, b. leukotrienes-allergy and inflammation response
structural proteins - ANSWER -form framework of body parts
regulatory proteins - ANSWER -function as hormones that regulate physiological
processes-contorl growth and development, neurotransmitters
ex.insulin
contractile proteins - ANSWER -shortening of muscles creating movement
ex.myosin and actin
immunological proteins - ANSWER -aid responses that protect body against
foreign substances and invading pathogens
ex.antiobodies
transport proteins - ANSWER -carry vital substances through the body
catalytic proteins - ANSWER -enemies that regulate chemical reactions
amino acids - ANSWER -monomers of proteins each have an hydrogen atom and
three functional groups-protein is made by joining amino acids
what are the functional groups of amino acids - ANSWER -amino, carboxyl
(acidic) group, and side R chain group
peptide - ANSWER -the bond joining each pair of amino acids forming between
the C of the carboxyl group and N of the amino producing water as a product
structural organization of proteins - ANSWER -1)primary-the peptide chain
2)secondary- twisting and folding of the amino acids in the chain (helixes or beta
pleated sheats)
3)Tertiary-3-D shape (chaperone helps aid in the folding process)
4)Quaternary-proteins that contain more than one polypeptide chain-not in all
proteins
fibrous proteins - ANSWER -insoluble in water and their chains form longs
strains that are parallel to each other
globular proteins - ANSWER -soluble in water and peptide chains are spherical
Answers (100% Verified) ()
activation energy - ANSWER -collision energy needed to break the chemical
bonds of the reactants so a reaction can start
catalysts-what kind are the most important - ANSWER -chemicals that speed up
reactions by lowering the activation energy needed-enzymes are most important
synthesis reaction - ANSWER -is anabolism and endergonic A+B=AB
decomposition reaction - ANSWER -catabolism and exergonic AB=A + B
Exchange reactions - ANSWER -both decomposition and synthesis
reversible reactions - ANSWER -products can reverse to original reactants
oxidation-reduction reactions are always what? - ANSWER -parallel- when one is
oxidized the other is reduced
oxidation - ANSWER -the loss of electrons relaxing energy
reduction - ANSWER -the gain of electrons gaining energy
solvent, solution and solute - ANSWER -the solvent dissolves solute in the
solution
hydrophilic - ANSWER -dissolves easily in water (polar)
hydrophobic - ANSWER -not very water soluble (non-polar)
hydrolysis - ANSWER -decomposition, break down with the addition of water
dehydration synthesis - ANSWER -the build of molecules-and water is formed as
a product (taken out)
high heat capacity - ANSWER -water- changing from liquid to gas takes a large
amount of energy with minimal change to own temperature
, acid - ANSWER -a substance that dissociates into one or more H atoms and
anions
base - ANSWER -removes H from a solution (OH-) hydroxide
which is a proton donor and which is a proton acceptor - ANSWER -acids are
proton donors and bases are proton acceptors
salt - ANSWER -dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions
acidic solutions pH - ANSWER -H is greater than OH and ph is less than 7
basic solutions pH - ANSWER -OH is greater than H and ph is greater than 7
buffer systems - ANSWER -convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or
bases
acidoses - ANSWER -blood ph falls below ph of 7.35
alkalosis - ANSWER -blood ph rises above ph of 7.45
carbonic acid buffer system - ANSWER -adds or removes H+ compensating for
either excess or shortage of H
monomers - ANSWER -dehydration joins the two monomers (hydrogen and
hydroxide removed to form water)-connecting monomers form polymers
isomers - ANSWER -have the same formula but different structures
carbohydrates are made up of? - ANSWER -sugars, glycogen, starches, and
cellulose
monosaccharide - ANSWER -a simple sugar containing 3-7 carbon atoms ending
in "ose"
disaccharide - ANSWER -simple sugar formed from a combo of two
monosaccharides
,polysaccharide - ANSWER -contains 10-1000s of monosaccharides through
dehydration synthesis-startches and cellulose
glycogen - ANSWER -a polysaccharide made entirely of glucose monomers- they
are carbs stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles
starches - ANSWER -polysaccharide formed from glucose in plants in plants and
can be broken down
cellulose - ANSWER -polysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that can't be
digested by humans-forms stool
lipids - ANSWER -are mostly non polar and hydrophobic
lipoprotein - ANSWER -lipid molecules join with hydrophobic protein molecules
to help them become soluble
fatty acids - ANSWER -used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids- can
catabolize to generate ATP
saturated bonds - ANSWER -single bonds between C and H
unsaturated bonds - ANSWER -double bonds (produce kink) between C and H
triglycerides - ANSWER -fats and oils made of a single glycerol and three fatty
acids
glycerol - ANSWER -3 carbon chain forming the backbone of triglycerides with
one fatty acid attached to each carbon
phospholipids - ANSWER -have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains
(tails-non polar) attached to them and a phosphate group at the 3rd carbon (head-
polar)
steroid - ANSWER -4 rings of carbon and are polar with an OH group and
hydrocarbon tail-cholesterol
eicosanoids and two substances it contains - ANSWER -lipids derived from a 20
carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid containing
a. prostaglandis
, b. leukotrienes-allergy and inflammation response
structural proteins - ANSWER -form framework of body parts
regulatory proteins - ANSWER -function as hormones that regulate physiological
processes-contorl growth and development, neurotransmitters
ex.insulin
contractile proteins - ANSWER -shortening of muscles creating movement
ex.myosin and actin
immunological proteins - ANSWER -aid responses that protect body against
foreign substances and invading pathogens
ex.antiobodies
transport proteins - ANSWER -carry vital substances through the body
catalytic proteins - ANSWER -enemies that regulate chemical reactions
amino acids - ANSWER -monomers of proteins each have an hydrogen atom and
three functional groups-protein is made by joining amino acids
what are the functional groups of amino acids - ANSWER -amino, carboxyl
(acidic) group, and side R chain group
peptide - ANSWER -the bond joining each pair of amino acids forming between
the C of the carboxyl group and N of the amino producing water as a product
structural organization of proteins - ANSWER -1)primary-the peptide chain
2)secondary- twisting and folding of the amino acids in the chain (helixes or beta
pleated sheats)
3)Tertiary-3-D shape (chaperone helps aid in the folding process)
4)Quaternary-proteins that contain more than one polypeptide chain-not in all
proteins
fibrous proteins - ANSWER -insoluble in water and their chains form longs
strains that are parallel to each other
globular proteins - ANSWER -soluble in water and peptide chains are spherical
