NUR 4590 CBE PROFESSIONAL NURSING
PREP QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
●● Atherosclerosis
Answer: Major cause of CAD
soft deposits of fat that harden with age
endothelial injury and inflammation play role
endothelial injury occurs causing
1) fatty streaks- earliest lesions appear yellow starting at age 20
2. Fibrous plaque- by age 30, begins to harden and be coated with
collagen (grayish/white)
3. Complicated lesion- fibrous plaque continues to grow causing plaque
instability= risk of rupture (thrombus)
●● collateral circulation
Answer: "bridges" occurs over time
-plaque block blood flow
causing build of new branches around plaque
-allows heart muscle to still receive adequate amount of blood and
oxygen except during increased workload of heart (exercise)
-the older the person the more collateral circulation
,younger=worse prognosis
●● Nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD
Answer: Age: middle aged MEN (over age 45)
Gender- Male
women- estrogen may protect, symptoms are atypical (fatigue, SOB,
upper back pain, indigestion, weakness, sleep problems, palpitations,
anxiety)
-Genetics
-ethnicity (Caucasian men)
●● Modifiable risk factors for CAD
Answer: DO patient teaching
High serum lipids
Diabetes
tobacco use
obesity
physical inactivity
Hypertension BIGGEST RISK FACTOR
stress
high homocysteine levels
substance abuse
,●● High serum lipids
Answer: total serum cholesterol >200
LDL > 130
HDL men: <50, Women: <40
fasting triglycerides; >150
-physical activity. eating healthy fats, losing weight, moderate alcohol
intake, quitting smoking increase HDLS
-reduce total fat intake
-reduce sat fats
-take prescribed drugs
-engage in physcial activity
-adjust caloric intake
●● Hypertension
Answer: increased risk for CAD, stroke, PVD, HF
>120/80
-causes endothelial injury increasing atherosclerosis= narrows vessels
-results in left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased stroke volume
Monitor BP, obtain regular checkups, take prescribed drugs
-reduce salt intake
, -control weight
-perform physcial activity
stop smoking
●● Tobacco use
Answer: releases catecholamines which increase HR/BP= increase heart
workload
-increases lDL/ decreased HDL
-releases toxic O2 radicals (carbon monoxide) which affects
hemoglobins O2 carrying capacity
-increases heart workload and decrease O2
-irritates vessels causing endothelial injury and inflammation
DO smoking cessation
●● Physical inactivity CAD
Answer: may cause venous stasis (heart works harder)
educate on 30-60 mins 5 days per week
-increases HDLs
-decreases hearts workload
-reduces risk of thrombus
●● Obesity
PREP QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
●● Atherosclerosis
Answer: Major cause of CAD
soft deposits of fat that harden with age
endothelial injury and inflammation play role
endothelial injury occurs causing
1) fatty streaks- earliest lesions appear yellow starting at age 20
2. Fibrous plaque- by age 30, begins to harden and be coated with
collagen (grayish/white)
3. Complicated lesion- fibrous plaque continues to grow causing plaque
instability= risk of rupture (thrombus)
●● collateral circulation
Answer: "bridges" occurs over time
-plaque block blood flow
causing build of new branches around plaque
-allows heart muscle to still receive adequate amount of blood and
oxygen except during increased workload of heart (exercise)
-the older the person the more collateral circulation
,younger=worse prognosis
●● Nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD
Answer: Age: middle aged MEN (over age 45)
Gender- Male
women- estrogen may protect, symptoms are atypical (fatigue, SOB,
upper back pain, indigestion, weakness, sleep problems, palpitations,
anxiety)
-Genetics
-ethnicity (Caucasian men)
●● Modifiable risk factors for CAD
Answer: DO patient teaching
High serum lipids
Diabetes
tobacco use
obesity
physical inactivity
Hypertension BIGGEST RISK FACTOR
stress
high homocysteine levels
substance abuse
,●● High serum lipids
Answer: total serum cholesterol >200
LDL > 130
HDL men: <50, Women: <40
fasting triglycerides; >150
-physical activity. eating healthy fats, losing weight, moderate alcohol
intake, quitting smoking increase HDLS
-reduce total fat intake
-reduce sat fats
-take prescribed drugs
-engage in physcial activity
-adjust caloric intake
●● Hypertension
Answer: increased risk for CAD, stroke, PVD, HF
>120/80
-causes endothelial injury increasing atherosclerosis= narrows vessels
-results in left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased stroke volume
Monitor BP, obtain regular checkups, take prescribed drugs
-reduce salt intake
, -control weight
-perform physcial activity
stop smoking
●● Tobacco use
Answer: releases catecholamines which increase HR/BP= increase heart
workload
-increases lDL/ decreased HDL
-releases toxic O2 radicals (carbon monoxide) which affects
hemoglobins O2 carrying capacity
-increases heart workload and decrease O2
-irritates vessels causing endothelial injury and inflammation
DO smoking cessation
●● Physical inactivity CAD
Answer: may cause venous stasis (heart works harder)
educate on 30-60 mins 5 days per week
-increases HDLs
-decreases hearts workload
-reduces risk of thrombus
●● Obesity
