NSG 318 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Penicillins - Answers Broad-spectrum penicillin that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis (bactericidal).
Amoxicillin - Answers Prototype of penicillins used for OM, tonsillitis, sinusitis, UTIs, gastric ulcers,
skin and respiratory infections.
Cephalosporins - Answers 3rd Generation Cephalosporin that inhibits cell wall synthesis
(bactericidal).
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) - Answers Prototype of cephalosporins used for OM, meningitis, gonorrhea,
surgical prophylaxis, skin, joint, UTI, gynecologic infections.
Macrolides - Answers Class of antibiotics that inhibits protein synthesis (static at low doses, cidal at
high doses).
Azithromycin - Answers Prototype of macrolides used for conjunctivitis, OM, sinusitis, STIs,
skin/respiratory infections.
Tetracyclines - Answers Class of antibiotics that inhibits protein synthesis (bacteriostatic).
Doxycycline - Answers Prototype of tetracyclines used for acne, STIs, rickettsia, plague, cholera,
respiratory/skin/UTIs.
Aminoglycosides - Answers Class of antibiotics that inhibits protein synthesis (bactericidal).
Gentamicin Sulfate - Answers Prototype of aminoglycosides used for serious infections (sepsis,
meningitis, respiratory, UTI, intraabdominal).
Fluoroquinolones - Answers Class of antibiotics that inhibits DNA gyrase (bactericidal).
Levofloxacin (Levaquin) - Answers Prototype of fluoroquinolones used for anthrax, skin, UTI,
respiratory, bone, abdominal infections.
Sulfonamides - Answers Class of antibiotics that inhibits folic acid synthesis (bactericidal).
TMP-SMX (Bactrim) - Answers Prototype of sulfonamides used for MRSA, UTI, OM, respiratory
infections.
Antituberculars - Answers Class of drugs that inhibits mycobacterial cell wall synthesis.
Isoniazid (INH) - Answers Prototype of antituberculars used for active & latent TB.
MOA (Mechanism of Action) - Answers The method by which a drug produces its effects, such as
inhibiting cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis.
Side Effects - Answers Unwanted effects that occur in addition to the desired therapeutic effects of a
drug.
Adverse Effects - Answers Severe, harmful effects that can occur with drug use, such as
superinfection or hepatotoxicity.
Nursing Considerations - Answers Important factors for nurses to monitor or educate patients about
when administering medications.
Interactions - Answers How a drug may affect or be affected by other substances, including other
medications or food.
Avoid - Answers Recommendations on what should not be done or consumed while taking a specific
medication.
Uses - Answers Conditions or diseases for which a drug is prescribed.
Nystatin (Mycostatin) - Answers Binds sterols, causing cell leakage; used for candidiasis (oral, vaginal,
skin); side effects include GI upset (oral), skin irritation (topical); adverse effects include SJS,
tachycardia, bronchospasm; nursing considerations include swish/swallow or apply thin layer.
Fluconazole (Diflucan) - Answers ↑ fungal membrane permeability; used for Candida infections,
cryptococcal meningitis, BMT prophylaxis; side effects include GI upset, headache, rash, hypokalemia;
adverse effects include hepatic/renal failure, SJS, fatal arrhythmias; nursing considerations include
monitoring LFTs and avoiding alcohol and caffeine (↑ levels).
Acyclovir (Zovirax) - Answers Inhibits viral DNA polymerase; used for herpes simplex, varicella; side
effects include GI upset, pruritus, tremors; adverse effects include nephrotoxicity, blood dyscrasias,
seizures; nursing considerations include increasing fluids and monitoring kidney function.
Metronidazole (Flagyl) - Answers Disrupts DNA synthesis (anaerobes); used for GI infections, H.
pylori, C. diff, vaginitis; side effects include metallic taste, dizziness, flushing; adverse effects include
neuropathy, seizures; nursing considerations include no alcohol (disulfiram reaction) and monitoring
LFTs, BUN, platelets.
Ivermectin (Stromectol) - Answers Destroys parasitic worms; used for roundworms, scabies,
strongyloidiasis; side effects include pruritus, dizziness, GI upset; adverse effects are rare - seizures,
, hypotension; nursing considerations include assessing travel and food history and teaching hand
hygiene and safe food prep.
Ceftriaxone - Answers 3rd-generation cephalosporin; inhibits cell wall synthesis → cell lysis
(bactericidal); used for OM, meningitis, gonorrhea, surgical prophylaxis, UTI, skin & bone infections;
major adverse effects include seizures, SJS, nephrotoxicity, superinfection (C. diff).
Levofloxacin - Answers Fluoroquinolone; inhibits DNA gyrase → prevents DNA replication
(bactericidal); used for skin, bone, respiratory, urinary, gynecologic infections; anthrax, plague; major
adverse effects include seizures, SJS, dysrhythmias, hepatotoxicity, suicidal ideation.
Metronidazole (Peptide/Antiprotozoal) - Answers Disrupts DNA synthesis in anaerobic bacteria → cell
death; used for H. pylori, anaerobic GI infections, C. diff, vaginitis; major adverse effects include
seizures, peripheral neuropathy, optic nerve damage.
Metronidazole and Alcohol - Answers Alcohol must be avoided — combining alcohol with this drug
causes a disulfiram-like reaction (flushing, nausea, cramps).
Fluconazole and Caffeine - Answers Avoid caffeine (e.g., coffee, green tea, energy drinks) due to
increased serum caffeine levels.
Azithromycin and Grapefruit Juice - Answers Grapefruit juice and herbal CYP3A4 inhibitors may raise
risk of QT prolongation.
General CAM Consideration - Answers Advise clients to inform healthcare providers of any herbal or
CAM use before starting antibiotics to avoid interactions or hepatotoxicity.
Age and Drug Effects - Answers Older adults = higher risk of hepatotoxicity/nephrotoxicity.
Liver/Renal Function - Answers Impaired organ function affects drug metabolism (e.g., ceftriaxone,
levofloxacin, azithromycin require monitoring of ALT/AST/BUN/Cr).
Pregnancy - Answers Doxycycline, fluconazole, and metronidazole are contraindicated during
pregnancy.
Allergies - Answers Penicillin & cephalosporins = cross-reactivity risk.
Assessment - Answers Always assess for allergies (penicillins, cephalosporins).
Planning - Answers Client's infection will be resolved with minimal adverse effects.
Implementation - Answers Teach: Complete entire course of therapy.
Therapeutic drug levels - Answers Maintain therapeutic drug levels (gentamicin = peak/trough).
Superinfection - Answers Monitor for: Superinfection (mouth, vagina, intestines), SJS, liver/renal
function.
Fluid intake - Answers Encourage fluid intake (especially).
Antivirals - Answers Medications used to treat viral infections.
Metronidazole - Answers An antibiotic that should not be taken with alcohol.
Fluconazole - Answers An antifungal medication that should not be taken with alcohol.
Antacids - Answers Should be separated from azithromycin and levofloxacin by 2 hours.
Signs of infection resolve - Answers Indicates effectiveness of antibiotic treatment.
No new signs of adverse effects - Answers Includes symptoms like rash, diarrhea, neuropathy.
Antibiotic Resistance - Answers The ability of bacteria to resist the effects of an antibiotic.
Overuse of antibiotics - Answers A cause of antibiotic resistance, especially for viral infections.
Not completing full course - Answers A cause of antibiotic resistance.
Taking antibiotics not prescribed - Answers A cause of antibiotic resistance.
Educate client - Answers Finish full dose of antibiotics to prevent resistance.
Narrow-spectrum drugs - Answers Should be used when possible to prevent resistance.
Culture & sensitivity testing - Answers Should be done before starting broad-spectrum antibiotics.
TMP-SMX - Answers An antibiotic involved in resistance.
St. John's Wort - Answers May decrease morphine effectiveness and increase sedation.
Kava & Valerian - Answers Increase CNS depression when used with opioids.
Garlic/Ginger/Ginkgo - Answers Increase bleeding risk when used with NSAIDs.
Massage, acupuncture, meditation - Answers Useful adjuncts for chronic pain.
Older adults - Answers Have higher sensitivity to GI/renal effects from NSAIDs.
Children - Answers Should avoid aspirin due to Reye's syndrome.
Liver disease - Answers Patients should avoid acetaminophen.
Kidney disease - Answers Patients should avoid NSAIDs.
Substance abuse history - Answers Caution with opioid agonist-antagonists like nalbuphine.
Acetaminophen - Answers A non-opioid analgesic used for mild to moderate pain.
Aspirin - Answers A salicylate NSAID used for pain, fever, and inflammation.
Penicillins - Answers Broad-spectrum penicillin that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis (bactericidal).
Amoxicillin - Answers Prototype of penicillins used for OM, tonsillitis, sinusitis, UTIs, gastric ulcers,
skin and respiratory infections.
Cephalosporins - Answers 3rd Generation Cephalosporin that inhibits cell wall synthesis
(bactericidal).
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) - Answers Prototype of cephalosporins used for OM, meningitis, gonorrhea,
surgical prophylaxis, skin, joint, UTI, gynecologic infections.
Macrolides - Answers Class of antibiotics that inhibits protein synthesis (static at low doses, cidal at
high doses).
Azithromycin - Answers Prototype of macrolides used for conjunctivitis, OM, sinusitis, STIs,
skin/respiratory infections.
Tetracyclines - Answers Class of antibiotics that inhibits protein synthesis (bacteriostatic).
Doxycycline - Answers Prototype of tetracyclines used for acne, STIs, rickettsia, plague, cholera,
respiratory/skin/UTIs.
Aminoglycosides - Answers Class of antibiotics that inhibits protein synthesis (bactericidal).
Gentamicin Sulfate - Answers Prototype of aminoglycosides used for serious infections (sepsis,
meningitis, respiratory, UTI, intraabdominal).
Fluoroquinolones - Answers Class of antibiotics that inhibits DNA gyrase (bactericidal).
Levofloxacin (Levaquin) - Answers Prototype of fluoroquinolones used for anthrax, skin, UTI,
respiratory, bone, abdominal infections.
Sulfonamides - Answers Class of antibiotics that inhibits folic acid synthesis (bactericidal).
TMP-SMX (Bactrim) - Answers Prototype of sulfonamides used for MRSA, UTI, OM, respiratory
infections.
Antituberculars - Answers Class of drugs that inhibits mycobacterial cell wall synthesis.
Isoniazid (INH) - Answers Prototype of antituberculars used for active & latent TB.
MOA (Mechanism of Action) - Answers The method by which a drug produces its effects, such as
inhibiting cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis.
Side Effects - Answers Unwanted effects that occur in addition to the desired therapeutic effects of a
drug.
Adverse Effects - Answers Severe, harmful effects that can occur with drug use, such as
superinfection or hepatotoxicity.
Nursing Considerations - Answers Important factors for nurses to monitor or educate patients about
when administering medications.
Interactions - Answers How a drug may affect or be affected by other substances, including other
medications or food.
Avoid - Answers Recommendations on what should not be done or consumed while taking a specific
medication.
Uses - Answers Conditions or diseases for which a drug is prescribed.
Nystatin (Mycostatin) - Answers Binds sterols, causing cell leakage; used for candidiasis (oral, vaginal,
skin); side effects include GI upset (oral), skin irritation (topical); adverse effects include SJS,
tachycardia, bronchospasm; nursing considerations include swish/swallow or apply thin layer.
Fluconazole (Diflucan) - Answers ↑ fungal membrane permeability; used for Candida infections,
cryptococcal meningitis, BMT prophylaxis; side effects include GI upset, headache, rash, hypokalemia;
adverse effects include hepatic/renal failure, SJS, fatal arrhythmias; nursing considerations include
monitoring LFTs and avoiding alcohol and caffeine (↑ levels).
Acyclovir (Zovirax) - Answers Inhibits viral DNA polymerase; used for herpes simplex, varicella; side
effects include GI upset, pruritus, tremors; adverse effects include nephrotoxicity, blood dyscrasias,
seizures; nursing considerations include increasing fluids and monitoring kidney function.
Metronidazole (Flagyl) - Answers Disrupts DNA synthesis (anaerobes); used for GI infections, H.
pylori, C. diff, vaginitis; side effects include metallic taste, dizziness, flushing; adverse effects include
neuropathy, seizures; nursing considerations include no alcohol (disulfiram reaction) and monitoring
LFTs, BUN, platelets.
Ivermectin (Stromectol) - Answers Destroys parasitic worms; used for roundworms, scabies,
strongyloidiasis; side effects include pruritus, dizziness, GI upset; adverse effects are rare - seizures,
, hypotension; nursing considerations include assessing travel and food history and teaching hand
hygiene and safe food prep.
Ceftriaxone - Answers 3rd-generation cephalosporin; inhibits cell wall synthesis → cell lysis
(bactericidal); used for OM, meningitis, gonorrhea, surgical prophylaxis, UTI, skin & bone infections;
major adverse effects include seizures, SJS, nephrotoxicity, superinfection (C. diff).
Levofloxacin - Answers Fluoroquinolone; inhibits DNA gyrase → prevents DNA replication
(bactericidal); used for skin, bone, respiratory, urinary, gynecologic infections; anthrax, plague; major
adverse effects include seizures, SJS, dysrhythmias, hepatotoxicity, suicidal ideation.
Metronidazole (Peptide/Antiprotozoal) - Answers Disrupts DNA synthesis in anaerobic bacteria → cell
death; used for H. pylori, anaerobic GI infections, C. diff, vaginitis; major adverse effects include
seizures, peripheral neuropathy, optic nerve damage.
Metronidazole and Alcohol - Answers Alcohol must be avoided — combining alcohol with this drug
causes a disulfiram-like reaction (flushing, nausea, cramps).
Fluconazole and Caffeine - Answers Avoid caffeine (e.g., coffee, green tea, energy drinks) due to
increased serum caffeine levels.
Azithromycin and Grapefruit Juice - Answers Grapefruit juice and herbal CYP3A4 inhibitors may raise
risk of QT prolongation.
General CAM Consideration - Answers Advise clients to inform healthcare providers of any herbal or
CAM use before starting antibiotics to avoid interactions or hepatotoxicity.
Age and Drug Effects - Answers Older adults = higher risk of hepatotoxicity/nephrotoxicity.
Liver/Renal Function - Answers Impaired organ function affects drug metabolism (e.g., ceftriaxone,
levofloxacin, azithromycin require monitoring of ALT/AST/BUN/Cr).
Pregnancy - Answers Doxycycline, fluconazole, and metronidazole are contraindicated during
pregnancy.
Allergies - Answers Penicillin & cephalosporins = cross-reactivity risk.
Assessment - Answers Always assess for allergies (penicillins, cephalosporins).
Planning - Answers Client's infection will be resolved with minimal adverse effects.
Implementation - Answers Teach: Complete entire course of therapy.
Therapeutic drug levels - Answers Maintain therapeutic drug levels (gentamicin = peak/trough).
Superinfection - Answers Monitor for: Superinfection (mouth, vagina, intestines), SJS, liver/renal
function.
Fluid intake - Answers Encourage fluid intake (especially).
Antivirals - Answers Medications used to treat viral infections.
Metronidazole - Answers An antibiotic that should not be taken with alcohol.
Fluconazole - Answers An antifungal medication that should not be taken with alcohol.
Antacids - Answers Should be separated from azithromycin and levofloxacin by 2 hours.
Signs of infection resolve - Answers Indicates effectiveness of antibiotic treatment.
No new signs of adverse effects - Answers Includes symptoms like rash, diarrhea, neuropathy.
Antibiotic Resistance - Answers The ability of bacteria to resist the effects of an antibiotic.
Overuse of antibiotics - Answers A cause of antibiotic resistance, especially for viral infections.
Not completing full course - Answers A cause of antibiotic resistance.
Taking antibiotics not prescribed - Answers A cause of antibiotic resistance.
Educate client - Answers Finish full dose of antibiotics to prevent resistance.
Narrow-spectrum drugs - Answers Should be used when possible to prevent resistance.
Culture & sensitivity testing - Answers Should be done before starting broad-spectrum antibiotics.
TMP-SMX - Answers An antibiotic involved in resistance.
St. John's Wort - Answers May decrease morphine effectiveness and increase sedation.
Kava & Valerian - Answers Increase CNS depression when used with opioids.
Garlic/Ginger/Ginkgo - Answers Increase bleeding risk when used with NSAIDs.
Massage, acupuncture, meditation - Answers Useful adjuncts for chronic pain.
Older adults - Answers Have higher sensitivity to GI/renal effects from NSAIDs.
Children - Answers Should avoid aspirin due to Reye's syndrome.
Liver disease - Answers Patients should avoid acetaminophen.
Kidney disease - Answers Patients should avoid NSAIDs.
Substance abuse history - Answers Caution with opioid agonist-antagonists like nalbuphine.
Acetaminophen - Answers A non-opioid analgesic used for mild to moderate pain.
Aspirin - Answers A salicylate NSAID used for pain, fever, and inflammation.
