MMSC407 Unit Four
Protein Measurement and
Electrophoresis
(2026 Expert-Verified Final
Exam Q & A )
Latest Updated Version
(A+ Guaranteed )
, amino acids organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxyl acid functional groups
they are the building blocks of proteins
what do amino acids participate in nerve transmission
biosynthesis of hemoglobin, nucleic acids, and urea
common (standard) amino acids all organisms use the same 20 amino acids as building block for the assembly of
protein when there are over 300 naturally occuring amino acids
general structure of amino acids •Amino group (-NH₂)
•Carboxyl group (-COOH)
•Hydrogen
•Variable side chain (R group)
•Central α-carbon
general amino acid formula NH₂ – CH(R) – COOH
what does the R group do in amino acids it determines chemical behavior
amino acid zwitterion form pH 7.4 net neutral charge
amino acid zwitterion form carboxyl group reaction Loses a proton (H⁺) –COOH→–COO⁻+H+
becomes COO⁻ (negative charge).
amino acid zwitterion form amino group reaction Accepts a proton –NH₂+H+→–NH₃⁺
becomes NH₃⁺ (positive charge).
isoelectric pH pH at which a molecule exists as a zwitterion or dipolar ion and carries no net
charge.
what are the different ways to classify the amino acid Structure and chemical nature of side chain
Polarity
Nutritional requirement
nutritional classification of amino acids Essential
•These amino acids are must be obtained from diet.
•Deficiency → impaired protein synthesis.
Non-Essential
•Synthesized endogenously.
essential amino acids histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine,
tryptophan, valine
sulfur containing amino acids Cysteine, Methionine
2026
Protein Measurement and
Electrophoresis
(2026 Expert-Verified Final
Exam Q & A )
Latest Updated Version
(A+ Guaranteed )
, amino acids organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxyl acid functional groups
they are the building blocks of proteins
what do amino acids participate in nerve transmission
biosynthesis of hemoglobin, nucleic acids, and urea
common (standard) amino acids all organisms use the same 20 amino acids as building block for the assembly of
protein when there are over 300 naturally occuring amino acids
general structure of amino acids •Amino group (-NH₂)
•Carboxyl group (-COOH)
•Hydrogen
•Variable side chain (R group)
•Central α-carbon
general amino acid formula NH₂ – CH(R) – COOH
what does the R group do in amino acids it determines chemical behavior
amino acid zwitterion form pH 7.4 net neutral charge
amino acid zwitterion form carboxyl group reaction Loses a proton (H⁺) –COOH→–COO⁻+H+
becomes COO⁻ (negative charge).
amino acid zwitterion form amino group reaction Accepts a proton –NH₂+H+→–NH₃⁺
becomes NH₃⁺ (positive charge).
isoelectric pH pH at which a molecule exists as a zwitterion or dipolar ion and carries no net
charge.
what are the different ways to classify the amino acid Structure and chemical nature of side chain
Polarity
Nutritional requirement
nutritional classification of amino acids Essential
•These amino acids are must be obtained from diet.
•Deficiency → impaired protein synthesis.
Non-Essential
•Synthesized endogenously.
essential amino acids histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine,
tryptophan, valine
sulfur containing amino acids Cysteine, Methionine
2026
