McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults
and Children
9th Edition
Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
Q1. A researcher studying antibiotic toxicity exposes
human renal tubular cells to a compound that selectively
inhibits mitochondrial ribosomes. Within hours, the cells
demonstrate impaired ATP generation and loss of active
ion transport. Which cellular process is most directly
affected by this exposure?
, A. Synthesis of cytosolic structural proteins
B. Oxidative phosphorylation-dependent protein
translation
C. Glycosylation within the Golgi apparatus
D. DNA replication within the nucleus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Renal tubular cells rely heavily on
mitochondrial ATP production for ion transport.
• Mechanism: Mitochondria possess their own ribosomes
responsible for synthesizing proteins essential for the
electron transport chain.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Inhibition of
mitochondrial ribosomes disrupts production of oxidative
phosphorylation enzymes, reducing ATP generation.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A: Cytosolic proteins are synthesized on free
ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
o C: Golgi glycosylation occurs after protein synthesis
and is not directly dependent on mitochondrial
ribosomes.
o D: Nuclear DNA replication is unrelated to
mitochondrial protein translation.
,• Exam Trap: Confusing mitochondrial ribosomes with
cytosolic ribosomes targeted by many antibiotics.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Mitochondrial dysfunction
disproportionately injures organs with high metabolic
demand such as kidney, myocardium, and brain.
• Memory Anchor: “Mitochondria power transport.”
Q2. A child with recurrent respiratory infections is found to
have defective dynein arms within cilia lining the
respiratory tract. The underlying abnormality most directly
impairs which cellular function?
A. Intercellular signal transduction
B. Intracellular protein degradation
C. Coordinated microtubule-mediated motility
D. Phospholipid membrane synthesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Recurrent respiratory infections with ciliary
dysfunction suggests impaired mucociliary clearance.
• Mechanism: Dynein arms generate sliding movement
between microtubules in cilia.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Microtubule-based
motility is essential for coordinated ciliary beating.
, • Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A: Signal transduction involves receptors and
intracellular messengers.
o B: Protein degradation mainly involves lysosomes and
proteasomes.
o D: Membrane synthesis occurs primarily in the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
• Exam Trap: Confusing dynein with actin-mediated motility.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Primary ciliary dyskinesia
often presents with chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and
infertility.
• Memory Anchor: “Dynein drives cilia.”
Q3. During ischemia, a myocardial cell develops swelling,
membrane blebbing, and reduced intracellular pH. Which
mechanism best accounts for the early cellular swelling?
A. Increased lysosomal membrane permeability
B. Failure of ATP-dependent sodium-potassium transport
C. Excessive nuclear chromatin condensation
D. Enhanced calcium sequestration into mitochondria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults
and Children
9th Edition
Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
Q1. A researcher studying antibiotic toxicity exposes
human renal tubular cells to a compound that selectively
inhibits mitochondrial ribosomes. Within hours, the cells
demonstrate impaired ATP generation and loss of active
ion transport. Which cellular process is most directly
affected by this exposure?
, A. Synthesis of cytosolic structural proteins
B. Oxidative phosphorylation-dependent protein
translation
C. Glycosylation within the Golgi apparatus
D. DNA replication within the nucleus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Renal tubular cells rely heavily on
mitochondrial ATP production for ion transport.
• Mechanism: Mitochondria possess their own ribosomes
responsible for synthesizing proteins essential for the
electron transport chain.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Inhibition of
mitochondrial ribosomes disrupts production of oxidative
phosphorylation enzymes, reducing ATP generation.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A: Cytosolic proteins are synthesized on free
ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
o C: Golgi glycosylation occurs after protein synthesis
and is not directly dependent on mitochondrial
ribosomes.
o D: Nuclear DNA replication is unrelated to
mitochondrial protein translation.
,• Exam Trap: Confusing mitochondrial ribosomes with
cytosolic ribosomes targeted by many antibiotics.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Mitochondrial dysfunction
disproportionately injures organs with high metabolic
demand such as kidney, myocardium, and brain.
• Memory Anchor: “Mitochondria power transport.”
Q2. A child with recurrent respiratory infections is found to
have defective dynein arms within cilia lining the
respiratory tract. The underlying abnormality most directly
impairs which cellular function?
A. Intercellular signal transduction
B. Intracellular protein degradation
C. Coordinated microtubule-mediated motility
D. Phospholipid membrane synthesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Recurrent respiratory infections with ciliary
dysfunction suggests impaired mucociliary clearance.
• Mechanism: Dynein arms generate sliding movement
between microtubules in cilia.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Microtubule-based
motility is essential for coordinated ciliary beating.
, • Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A: Signal transduction involves receptors and
intracellular messengers.
o B: Protein degradation mainly involves lysosomes and
proteasomes.
o D: Membrane synthesis occurs primarily in the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
• Exam Trap: Confusing dynein with actin-mediated motility.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Primary ciliary dyskinesia
often presents with chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and
infertility.
• Memory Anchor: “Dynein drives cilia.”
Q3. During ischemia, a myocardial cell develops swelling,
membrane blebbing, and reduced intracellular pH. Which
mechanism best accounts for the early cellular swelling?
A. Increased lysosomal membrane permeability
B. Failure of ATP-dependent sodium-potassium transport
C. Excessive nuclear chromatin condensation
D. Enhanced calcium sequestration into mitochondria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
