NUR 376
Week 1 Module 1
Inflammation, Infection, Immune Outline
Applied Pathophysiology - Concordia St. Paul
Pass the Exam with Confidence
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NUR 376 Applied Pathophysiology
Week 1 Module 1: Inflammation, Infection, Immune
Outline by Rhaeven Ortiz
Learning Objectives:
● Distinguish between the phases of acute inflammatory reaction.
o Ch. 9
▪ Vascular Phase
● Vascular
Permeability o
Rev. 5/24
1
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Figure 9.1
o Exudate, abscess, transudate, effusion
The fluid that leaves the capillaries is a protein-rich filtrate of blood that contains WBCs. As the WBCs
perform defensive activities, the fluid increases within the tissue spaces and causes edema, or swelling.
If the fluid is rich in protein from WBCs, microbial organisms, and cellular debris, it is called purulent
exudate, or pus. An abscess is a localized, walled-off collection of purulent exudate within tissue. In
contrast, fluid that contains little protein and is mainly a watery filtrate
Rev. 5/24
2
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of blood is called transudate. Other types of exudates include serous (clear, watery fluid),
sanguineous (blood), serosanguineous (bloody/watery fluid), or fibrinous (thick, fibrin-rich fluid).
Any accumulation of fluid in a body cavity is called an effusion. An effusion can occur due to
inflammatory or noninflammatory processes.
▪ Cellular Phase
● Chemotaxis - During the cellular phase of inflammation, a chemical signal from microbial
agents, endothelial cells, and WBCs attracts platelets and other WBCs to the site of
injury. This is referred to as chemotaxis.
▪ Leukocytosis - During this phase, an increased number of leukocytes (WBCs) are released
from the bone marrow into the bloodstream, a process known as leukocytosis.
▪ During inflammation, the WBC count in the blood commonly increases from a normal baseline
of 4000 to
10,000 cells/mL to 15,000 to 20,000 cells/mL. The clinician can use the number of WBCs to
determine the severity of the infectious process that the patient is experiencing.
➢ Explain the functions of the key mediators of inflammation.
o Ch. 9
▪ Inflammatory Mediators - substances that promote or inhibit inflammatory reactions. These
include interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
● Cytokines do what? Some of the inflammatory mediators released by WBCs are referred to
as cytokines; the most common are tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukins (ILs).
Cytokines modulate the inflammatory reaction by amplifying or deactivating the process.
Simultaneously, they cause localized and systemic effects.
● Chemokines do what? Chemokines are proteins that attract leukocytes to the endothelium
at the area of injury. Cytokines cause stimulation of the liver to release substances called
acute phase proteins.
● Acute Phase Proteins do what? Acute phase proteins include C-reactive protein (CRP),
fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, and hepcidin. Acute phase proteins facilitate WBC
phagocytosis of microbes and other foreign material and assist in the analysis of the
inflammation process occurring in the body.
● Table 9.1 (flashcards of each: tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, histamines, prostaglandins,
leukotrienes). Quizlet
link: https://quizlet.com/937853871/table-9-
Rev. 5/24
3
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
Week 1 Module 1
Inflammation, Infection, Immune Outline
Applied Pathophysiology - Concordia St. Paul
Pass the Exam with Confidence
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
NUR 376 Applied Pathophysiology
Week 1 Module 1: Inflammation, Infection, Immune
Outline by Rhaeven Ortiz
Learning Objectives:
● Distinguish between the phases of acute inflammatory reaction.
o Ch. 9
▪ Vascular Phase
● Vascular
Permeability o
Rev. 5/24
1
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
Figure 9.1
o Exudate, abscess, transudate, effusion
The fluid that leaves the capillaries is a protein-rich filtrate of blood that contains WBCs. As the WBCs
perform defensive activities, the fluid increases within the tissue spaces and causes edema, or swelling.
If the fluid is rich in protein from WBCs, microbial organisms, and cellular debris, it is called purulent
exudate, or pus. An abscess is a localized, walled-off collection of purulent exudate within tissue. In
contrast, fluid that contains little protein and is mainly a watery filtrate
Rev. 5/24
2
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
of blood is called transudate. Other types of exudates include serous (clear, watery fluid),
sanguineous (blood), serosanguineous (bloody/watery fluid), or fibrinous (thick, fibrin-rich fluid).
Any accumulation of fluid in a body cavity is called an effusion. An effusion can occur due to
inflammatory or noninflammatory processes.
▪ Cellular Phase
● Chemotaxis - During the cellular phase of inflammation, a chemical signal from microbial
agents, endothelial cells, and WBCs attracts platelets and other WBCs to the site of
injury. This is referred to as chemotaxis.
▪ Leukocytosis - During this phase, an increased number of leukocytes (WBCs) are released
from the bone marrow into the bloodstream, a process known as leukocytosis.
▪ During inflammation, the WBC count in the blood commonly increases from a normal baseline
of 4000 to
10,000 cells/mL to 15,000 to 20,000 cells/mL. The clinician can use the number of WBCs to
determine the severity of the infectious process that the patient is experiencing.
➢ Explain the functions of the key mediators of inflammation.
o Ch. 9
▪ Inflammatory Mediators - substances that promote or inhibit inflammatory reactions. These
include interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
● Cytokines do what? Some of the inflammatory mediators released by WBCs are referred to
as cytokines; the most common are tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukins (ILs).
Cytokines modulate the inflammatory reaction by amplifying or deactivating the process.
Simultaneously, they cause localized and systemic effects.
● Chemokines do what? Chemokines are proteins that attract leukocytes to the endothelium
at the area of injury. Cytokines cause stimulation of the liver to release substances called
acute phase proteins.
● Acute Phase Proteins do what? Acute phase proteins include C-reactive protein (CRP),
fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, and hepcidin. Acute phase proteins facilitate WBC
phagocytosis of microbes and other foreign material and assist in the analysis of the
inflammation process occurring in the body.
● Table 9.1 (flashcards of each: tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, histamines, prostaglandins,
leukotrienes). Quizlet
link: https://quizlet.com/937853871/table-9-
Rev. 5/24
3
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
