Pathophysiology Exam 1 2026/2027
version with verified answers A+
Graded
passive immunity - correct answer>>>Transfer of performed antibodies against a
specific antigen from protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non-
immunized individual
Examples of passive immunity - correct answer>>>IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG
crossing placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies)
Potassium Value normal range( intercellular cation) - correct answer>>>3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid) - correct answer>>>135-
145 mEq/L
Calcium value normal range - correct answer>>>9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
Phosphate value normal range - correct answer>>>2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Magnesium value normal range - correct answer>>>1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in blood) - correct
answer>>>23-30 mEq/L
Condition of low potassium < 3.5 mEq/L - correct answer>>>hypokalemia
Condition of high potassium >5 mEq/L - correct answer>>>Hyperkalemia
Condition of sodium < 135 mEq/L - correct answer>>>hyponatremia / hypernatremia
Condition of high sodium>145 mEq/L - correct answer>>>hypernatremia
condition of low phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL - correct answer>>>hypophophatemia
Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL - correct answer>>>Hyperphosphatemia
Condition of low chloride <96 mEq/L - correct answer>>>hypochloremia
Condition of high chloride > 106 mEq/L - correct answer>>>Hyperchloremia
Condition of low magnesium <1.5 mEq/L - correct answer>>>hypomagnesemia
, Condition of high magnesium >2.5 mEq/L - correct answer>>>Hypermagesemia
condition of low calcium< 9mg/dL - correct answer>>>hypocalcemia
condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL - correct answer>>>hypercalcemia
Pathophysiology - correct answer>>>the study of abnormalities in physiologic
functioning of living beings
Pathology - correct answer>>>the study and diagnosis of disease through examination
of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
Etiology - correct answer>>>The study of the causes and origins of disease
4 topics of pathophysiology - correct answer>>>etiology, pathogenesis, clinical
manifestations, treatment
pathogenesis - correct answer>>>development or evolution of a disease
clinical manifestation - correct answer>>>signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
exacerbation - correct answer>>>a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a
disease or any of its signs and symptom
remission - correct answer>>>decline in severity of symptoms
sequela - correct answer>>>a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous
disease or injury
acute - correct answer>>>sudden onset and short duration
chronic - correct answer>>>long term
Primary level of prevention - correct answer>>>altering susceptibility; reducing
exposure for susceptible persons
Example of primary prevention - correct answer>>>Immunization, health/sex ed, quit
smoking drinking or poor diet.
Secondary level of prevention - correct answer>>>-conduction activities that help
prevent a worsening health status by detection or management of diseases
examples of secondary prevention - correct answer>>>Self breast exams, yearly cancer
screenings, proper management of diabetes
version with verified answers A+
Graded
passive immunity - correct answer>>>Transfer of performed antibodies against a
specific antigen from protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non-
immunized individual
Examples of passive immunity - correct answer>>>IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG
crossing placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies)
Potassium Value normal range( intercellular cation) - correct answer>>>3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid) - correct answer>>>135-
145 mEq/L
Calcium value normal range - correct answer>>>9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
Phosphate value normal range - correct answer>>>2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Magnesium value normal range - correct answer>>>1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in blood) - correct
answer>>>23-30 mEq/L
Condition of low potassium < 3.5 mEq/L - correct answer>>>hypokalemia
Condition of high potassium >5 mEq/L - correct answer>>>Hyperkalemia
Condition of sodium < 135 mEq/L - correct answer>>>hyponatremia / hypernatremia
Condition of high sodium>145 mEq/L - correct answer>>>hypernatremia
condition of low phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL - correct answer>>>hypophophatemia
Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL - correct answer>>>Hyperphosphatemia
Condition of low chloride <96 mEq/L - correct answer>>>hypochloremia
Condition of high chloride > 106 mEq/L - correct answer>>>Hyperchloremia
Condition of low magnesium <1.5 mEq/L - correct answer>>>hypomagnesemia
, Condition of high magnesium >2.5 mEq/L - correct answer>>>Hypermagesemia
condition of low calcium< 9mg/dL - correct answer>>>hypocalcemia
condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL - correct answer>>>hypercalcemia
Pathophysiology - correct answer>>>the study of abnormalities in physiologic
functioning of living beings
Pathology - correct answer>>>the study and diagnosis of disease through examination
of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
Etiology - correct answer>>>The study of the causes and origins of disease
4 topics of pathophysiology - correct answer>>>etiology, pathogenesis, clinical
manifestations, treatment
pathogenesis - correct answer>>>development or evolution of a disease
clinical manifestation - correct answer>>>signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
exacerbation - correct answer>>>a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a
disease or any of its signs and symptom
remission - correct answer>>>decline in severity of symptoms
sequela - correct answer>>>a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous
disease or injury
acute - correct answer>>>sudden onset and short duration
chronic - correct answer>>>long term
Primary level of prevention - correct answer>>>altering susceptibility; reducing
exposure for susceptible persons
Example of primary prevention - correct answer>>>Immunization, health/sex ed, quit
smoking drinking or poor diet.
Secondary level of prevention - correct answer>>>-conduction activities that help
prevent a worsening health status by detection or management of diseases
examples of secondary prevention - correct answer>>>Self breast exams, yearly cancer
screenings, proper management of diabetes
