NR 304 Final Exam 2026 |
Questions, Answers &
Detailed Rationales
|Graded A+ | Guaranteed
success|
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep and Comprehensive
Rationales
Included
,peripheral artery disease A form of peripheral vascular disease in which there is partial or total blockage of an
artery, usually one leading to a leg or arm. 50% of cases are African Americans. RF:
smoking, HTN, diabetes
intermittent claudication when walking, muscle needs more O2 blood, and you have any kind of occlusion,
when walking pain is increased
Pulse Scale 0: absent
1+: weak
2+: normal
3+: increased, full, bounding
Allen test determining the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery
site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery,
determine if radial artery has been damaged, press radial artery then see if ulnar
artery perfuses to hand
venous ulcers bleed, medial malleolus
arterial (ischemic) ulcers does not bleed, has a necrotic black crust, lateral malleolus
neuropathic ulcer destroys nerve endings, burning pain/numbness
Edema Scale • 1+ Mild pitting, slight indentation, no perceptible swelling of the leg
• 2+ Moderate pitting, indentation, subsides rapidly
• 3+ Deep pitting, indentation remains for a short time, leg looks swollen
• 4+ Very deep pitting, indentation lasts a long time, leg is very swollen
Doppler ultrasound determine location of pulse
Raynaud's disease autoimmune, sporadic vasoconstriction then relaxation, happens in hands/toes
usually
Lymphadema enlarged lymph nodes, hard edema
Varicose veins abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs
DVT inflammatory process, swelling, redness, heat, pain, happens from venastasis,
pooling of blood in calf
-tachycardia, low grade temp
-women on birth control who smoke are at a higher risk, and also those who are
dehydrated since blood is more viscous
-Do not perform homan's sign test (flexing foot back)
anneurysm can be born with or develop, serious with abdominal aorta/coronary arteries/brain
,Decreased Arterial Flow doesn't work well around gravity, blue then pallor
Decreased Venous Flow brown, using muscles improves
What happens when valves of the veins do not work right edema/varicose veins
arterial insufficiency not getting enough arterial blood flow = ischemic pain, usually happens on one leg,
leg appears shiny, hairless, red/blue then pallor, limb gets cool, pain gets better
when resting since the limb doesn't need as much O2 blood flow (intermittent
claudication), gravity works for it when legs are down, causes impotence in males,
can affect nails/toes
venous insufficiency constant, achy, fullness, pain. Pain gets better by moving. When you stand/sit pain
gets worse. Gravity works against when legs are down. Usually happens on both
legs, skin turns red/brown, starts below the knee to the ankle, skin is scaly, can get
slits in skin (weeping edema), there is no cure, no change in skin temp.
pulse rhythm, rate, symmetry, amplitude/strength
arterial occlusion -extreme coolness
-pain
-loss of sensation
-hair loss and skin changes
-pallor
-pulselessness
arterial insufficiency -intermittent claudation (pain brought on by exercise and relieved with rest)
-hair loss on toes and shiny skin
-impotence
-pain (gnawing, sharp or stabbing and increases with exercise, relieved with rest)
-decreased pulses
-rusty discoloration due to blood leaking out of vessel and difficulty being
reabsorbed
-skin ulcers on pressure points, toes, and lateral malleoli
-necrosis
-bluish/red feet with dependence and pallor with elevation
-sensory and motor loss
-thickened, yellow toenails
-cool skin
venous insufficiency -pitting edema due to fluid leaking into tissue due to incompetent valves
-pain (aching or feeling of fullness and increases with standing/sitting and improves
with elevating legs or walking)
-varicosities may be present
-possible leg ulcers on medial malleoli
-normal temperature
-skin thickened with brown discoloration of ankles and flaky
deep vein thrombosis -edema (only on one leg)
-pain - no pain or sharp, intense pain/tenderness
-red skin area
-warmth
-mass
-low grade fever
-tachycardia
, Peripheral Neuropathy -burning skin
-numbness
-loss/decreased sensation
GERD (pyrosis) - failure of pyloric valve, dont eat before bed or in middle of night, dont lie
down after eating for at least 30 mins
What causes peptic ulcers? H. pylori - loves acid
Small Bowel -small in diameter, huge in length 20ft
-where most digestion/breakdown ocurrs
-where enzymes from pancreas go
-most of absorption of nutrients ocurrs
large bowel -shorter but larger diameter
-condense stool into formed stool (pulls water out)
-where you metabolize fats to absorb vit. D
E.coli -essential bacteria that breaks down food in bowel
-if it is any other placer than the gut, it can kill you
-in wound = infection
-bladder = UTI
-lungs = dangerous pneumonia
C. Diff -if you take antibiotics you kill e.coli in gut, so you have an overgrowth of other
microbes (importance of probiotics)
-when you kill all this bacteria you get C.diff - terrible bacteria that can kill you
-explosive diarrhea, highly contagious, gown/glove precautions, horrible smell
-can prevent C. Diff by probiotics - can have yogurt with live cultures or need
probiotic with 50 million bacteria
Peristalsis Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one
direction through the digestive system.
hyperactive peristalsis diarrhea
slowed peristalsis constipation, any type of narcotic slows peristalsis a lot and can even cause a bowel
obstruction/impaction
-prevention: have pt. take a stool softener with pain pill
-anesthesia, immobility, and dehydration can also slow peristalsis
Ileostomy removal of part of small bowel, can lead to malnutrition
Colostomy removal of part of large bowel, reversible
hernia protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing
it
chron's disease autoimmune, destroying parts of lining of bowel, nutritionally depleted, anemia from
bleeding
Questions, Answers &
Detailed Rationales
|Graded A+ | Guaranteed
success|
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep and Comprehensive
Rationales
Included
,peripheral artery disease A form of peripheral vascular disease in which there is partial or total blockage of an
artery, usually one leading to a leg or arm. 50% of cases are African Americans. RF:
smoking, HTN, diabetes
intermittent claudication when walking, muscle needs more O2 blood, and you have any kind of occlusion,
when walking pain is increased
Pulse Scale 0: absent
1+: weak
2+: normal
3+: increased, full, bounding
Allen test determining the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery
site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery,
determine if radial artery has been damaged, press radial artery then see if ulnar
artery perfuses to hand
venous ulcers bleed, medial malleolus
arterial (ischemic) ulcers does not bleed, has a necrotic black crust, lateral malleolus
neuropathic ulcer destroys nerve endings, burning pain/numbness
Edema Scale • 1+ Mild pitting, slight indentation, no perceptible swelling of the leg
• 2+ Moderate pitting, indentation, subsides rapidly
• 3+ Deep pitting, indentation remains for a short time, leg looks swollen
• 4+ Very deep pitting, indentation lasts a long time, leg is very swollen
Doppler ultrasound determine location of pulse
Raynaud's disease autoimmune, sporadic vasoconstriction then relaxation, happens in hands/toes
usually
Lymphadema enlarged lymph nodes, hard edema
Varicose veins abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs
DVT inflammatory process, swelling, redness, heat, pain, happens from venastasis,
pooling of blood in calf
-tachycardia, low grade temp
-women on birth control who smoke are at a higher risk, and also those who are
dehydrated since blood is more viscous
-Do not perform homan's sign test (flexing foot back)
anneurysm can be born with or develop, serious with abdominal aorta/coronary arteries/brain
,Decreased Arterial Flow doesn't work well around gravity, blue then pallor
Decreased Venous Flow brown, using muscles improves
What happens when valves of the veins do not work right edema/varicose veins
arterial insufficiency not getting enough arterial blood flow = ischemic pain, usually happens on one leg,
leg appears shiny, hairless, red/blue then pallor, limb gets cool, pain gets better
when resting since the limb doesn't need as much O2 blood flow (intermittent
claudication), gravity works for it when legs are down, causes impotence in males,
can affect nails/toes
venous insufficiency constant, achy, fullness, pain. Pain gets better by moving. When you stand/sit pain
gets worse. Gravity works against when legs are down. Usually happens on both
legs, skin turns red/brown, starts below the knee to the ankle, skin is scaly, can get
slits in skin (weeping edema), there is no cure, no change in skin temp.
pulse rhythm, rate, symmetry, amplitude/strength
arterial occlusion -extreme coolness
-pain
-loss of sensation
-hair loss and skin changes
-pallor
-pulselessness
arterial insufficiency -intermittent claudation (pain brought on by exercise and relieved with rest)
-hair loss on toes and shiny skin
-impotence
-pain (gnawing, sharp or stabbing and increases with exercise, relieved with rest)
-decreased pulses
-rusty discoloration due to blood leaking out of vessel and difficulty being
reabsorbed
-skin ulcers on pressure points, toes, and lateral malleoli
-necrosis
-bluish/red feet with dependence and pallor with elevation
-sensory and motor loss
-thickened, yellow toenails
-cool skin
venous insufficiency -pitting edema due to fluid leaking into tissue due to incompetent valves
-pain (aching or feeling of fullness and increases with standing/sitting and improves
with elevating legs or walking)
-varicosities may be present
-possible leg ulcers on medial malleoli
-normal temperature
-skin thickened with brown discoloration of ankles and flaky
deep vein thrombosis -edema (only on one leg)
-pain - no pain or sharp, intense pain/tenderness
-red skin area
-warmth
-mass
-low grade fever
-tachycardia
, Peripheral Neuropathy -burning skin
-numbness
-loss/decreased sensation
GERD (pyrosis) - failure of pyloric valve, dont eat before bed or in middle of night, dont lie
down after eating for at least 30 mins
What causes peptic ulcers? H. pylori - loves acid
Small Bowel -small in diameter, huge in length 20ft
-where most digestion/breakdown ocurrs
-where enzymes from pancreas go
-most of absorption of nutrients ocurrs
large bowel -shorter but larger diameter
-condense stool into formed stool (pulls water out)
-where you metabolize fats to absorb vit. D
E.coli -essential bacteria that breaks down food in bowel
-if it is any other placer than the gut, it can kill you
-in wound = infection
-bladder = UTI
-lungs = dangerous pneumonia
C. Diff -if you take antibiotics you kill e.coli in gut, so you have an overgrowth of other
microbes (importance of probiotics)
-when you kill all this bacteria you get C.diff - terrible bacteria that can kill you
-explosive diarrhea, highly contagious, gown/glove precautions, horrible smell
-can prevent C. Diff by probiotics - can have yogurt with live cultures or need
probiotic with 50 million bacteria
Peristalsis Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one
direction through the digestive system.
hyperactive peristalsis diarrhea
slowed peristalsis constipation, any type of narcotic slows peristalsis a lot and can even cause a bowel
obstruction/impaction
-prevention: have pt. take a stool softener with pain pill
-anesthesia, immobility, and dehydration can also slow peristalsis
Ileostomy removal of part of small bowel, can lead to malnutrition
Colostomy removal of part of large bowel, reversible
hernia protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing
it
chron's disease autoimmune, destroying parts of lining of bowel, nutritionally depleted, anemia from
bleeding
