Portage Learning A&P II: Final Exam 2023 AND 2024 EDITION
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
This is a collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system. - ANSWERGanglia
This part of the autonomic system increases digestion. - ANSWERParasympathetic
The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons? - ANSWERMotor (Efferent)
This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. - ANSWERAxon
An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the: - ANSWERCentral nervous system
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters. - ANSWERThe neuron cell body manufactures
neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals.
An afferent neuron carries information: - ANSWERFrom the peripheral to the central nervous system
What is the location and function of Astrocytes? - ANSWERAstrocytes form the blood/brain barrier, are
found in the brain, and are part of the CNS
A patient's left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during surgery. Would the
patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? Why or why not? - ANSWERYes; Peripheral nerves
can regenerate the length of the axon through axonal regeneration because of the growth of Schwann
cells ahead of the axon.
Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 2 of the diagram. Include
the charge of the membrane during this phase. - ANSWERDepolarization: The sodium gates open and
sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential.
,Voltage travels past zero and then on up to +40 mV.
At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is: - ANSWER-70mV
Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump? - ANSWERThe overall effect is a
negative charge on the outside of the membrane.
True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of a light touch. This means that the strength of the
action potential is weaker than usual. Explain your reasoning. - ANSWERFalse. The action potential is
always the same. The frequency and number of nuerons activated change the increase in intensity.
Which of the following statements is false concerning the neuromuscular junction? - ANSWERAch is
released from the presynaptic motor neuron to cause an action potential in the muscle fiber.
How is a message sent from one neuron to another? - ANSWERA signal travels from the cell body
through the axon and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse. These nuerotransmitters bind with
receptor that carry the message to the dendrite of the next neuron, and the process begins again.
What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone? - ANSWERDopamine
In a reflex, the neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central
nervous system. - ANSWERSensory (afferent)
This part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses. - ANSWERThe integration
center
What is true about the stretch reflex? - ANSWERThe muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.
What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex? - ANSWERIt involves excitatory interneurons.
It involves inhibitory interneurons.
, Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the
reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex. - ANSWERStretch on
patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon)
Muscle spindle detects stretch
Afferent (sensory) neuron through DRG
Spinal cord
Synapses directly on a motor neuron (efferent)
Action: To muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)
Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release of Acetylcholine. Patients
with this disease experience flaccid paralysis, or the inability to contract their muscles. Explain why this
would occur. - ANSWERAcetylcholine triggers the release of sodium ions. The sodium ions reach the
sarcoplasmic reticulum, which in turn release calcium ions that begin muscle contraction. If acetylcholine
is not able to be released, the muscle contraction would not be possible.
This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain. - ANSWERPia Mater
The fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres. - ANSWERtransverse median
Describe the function of the brain ventricles. - ANSWERThe brain ventricles are located inside the brain
and produce and store cerebral spinal fluid
ll the following are functions of the hypothalamus except: - ANSWERFilters out unimportant sensory
information
What is the largest portion of the brain? - ANSWERcerebrum
This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information. - ANSWERAssociation
area
A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which
area of the brain is most likely damaged? - ANSWERBroca's area
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
This is a collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system. - ANSWERGanglia
This part of the autonomic system increases digestion. - ANSWERParasympathetic
The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons? - ANSWERMotor (Efferent)
This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. - ANSWERAxon
An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the: - ANSWERCentral nervous system
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters. - ANSWERThe neuron cell body manufactures
neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals.
An afferent neuron carries information: - ANSWERFrom the peripheral to the central nervous system
What is the location and function of Astrocytes? - ANSWERAstrocytes form the blood/brain barrier, are
found in the brain, and are part of the CNS
A patient's left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during surgery. Would the
patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? Why or why not? - ANSWERYes; Peripheral nerves
can regenerate the length of the axon through axonal regeneration because of the growth of Schwann
cells ahead of the axon.
Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 2 of the diagram. Include
the charge of the membrane during this phase. - ANSWERDepolarization: The sodium gates open and
sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential.
,Voltage travels past zero and then on up to +40 mV.
At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is: - ANSWER-70mV
Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump? - ANSWERThe overall effect is a
negative charge on the outside of the membrane.
True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of a light touch. This means that the strength of the
action potential is weaker than usual. Explain your reasoning. - ANSWERFalse. The action potential is
always the same. The frequency and number of nuerons activated change the increase in intensity.
Which of the following statements is false concerning the neuromuscular junction? - ANSWERAch is
released from the presynaptic motor neuron to cause an action potential in the muscle fiber.
How is a message sent from one neuron to another? - ANSWERA signal travels from the cell body
through the axon and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse. These nuerotransmitters bind with
receptor that carry the message to the dendrite of the next neuron, and the process begins again.
What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone? - ANSWERDopamine
In a reflex, the neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central
nervous system. - ANSWERSensory (afferent)
This part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses. - ANSWERThe integration
center
What is true about the stretch reflex? - ANSWERThe muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.
What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex? - ANSWERIt involves excitatory interneurons.
It involves inhibitory interneurons.
, Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the
reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex. - ANSWERStretch on
patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon)
Muscle spindle detects stretch
Afferent (sensory) neuron through DRG
Spinal cord
Synapses directly on a motor neuron (efferent)
Action: To muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)
Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release of Acetylcholine. Patients
with this disease experience flaccid paralysis, or the inability to contract their muscles. Explain why this
would occur. - ANSWERAcetylcholine triggers the release of sodium ions. The sodium ions reach the
sarcoplasmic reticulum, which in turn release calcium ions that begin muscle contraction. If acetylcholine
is not able to be released, the muscle contraction would not be possible.
This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain. - ANSWERPia Mater
The fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres. - ANSWERtransverse median
Describe the function of the brain ventricles. - ANSWERThe brain ventricles are located inside the brain
and produce and store cerebral spinal fluid
ll the following are functions of the hypothalamus except: - ANSWERFilters out unimportant sensory
information
What is the largest portion of the brain? - ANSWERcerebrum
This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information. - ANSWERAssociation
area
A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which
area of the brain is most likely damaged? - ANSWERBroca's area
