UKY BIO 148 Exam Answered

UKY BIO 148 Exam Answered Structures in a cell that make proteins. They read information on the mRNA and produce proteins. - Answer- ribosomes Organisms are a product of - Answer- Evolution Archaea are more closely related to _______ than _______ - Answer- eukaryotes, bacteria uses energy is made of one or more cells processes information reproduces can evolve - Answer- criteria for life All living things release ___________ into the environment - Answer- energy All cells have a ________ membrane, but not all cells have a _________ wall - Answer- plasma, cell Prokaryotes duplicate via ___________ - Answer- binary fission Eukaryotes reproduce via - Answer- mitosis or meiosis change in heritable characteristics over time of a species. - Answer- evolution definition Every cells living today comes from - Answer- another cell Prokaryotes have a cell ________ outside the plasma membrane - Answer- wall Prokaryotes do not have a _________, instead they have a single, circular __________ . - Answer- nucleus, chromosome The small piece of DNA in a prokaryote, separate from the chromosome, is the __________ - Answer- plasmid Some eukaryotic cells have a ___________ - Answer- cell wall Eukaryotic cells have multiple ______________ to store DNA - Answer- linear chromosomes DNA in a eukaryotes in stored in the __________. - Answer- nucleus Bacteria and Archaea are members of - Answer- Prokaryota A trait that is not reliant on genes, and acquired over time is called an _________ - Answer- acquired trait Any change in the inherited traits of a population that occurs over time is called - Answer- biological evolution Charles Darwin and __________ independently invented the theory of evolution - Answer- Alfred Wallace Biological fitness is determined by the - Answer- amount of fertile and healthy offspring Natural selection selects individuals with higher - Answer- fitness A trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a given environment is called an - Answer- adaptation An trait that is an adaptation in one environment could ___________ in another. - Answer- deleterious A group in a phylogenetic tree consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants is called a _________. - Answer- clade More closely related taxa form a __________ clade. - Answer- smaller The theory of evolution does not explain how ____________________, it explains how life has evolved since then. - Answer- life originated Natural selection changes the heritable traits of _______________ to cause the evolution of ___________. - Answer- populations, populations Natural selections acts on _______________ - Answer- individuals All prokaryotes are ______________ celled organisms - Answer- single Bacteria have cell walls made of - Answer- peptidoglycan Gram positive bacteria stain ___________ - Answer- purple Gram negative bacteria stain _____________, because their peptidoglycan is covered by a phospholipid bilayer. - Answer- pink Cells reads DNA and makes RNA - Answer- transcription Ribosome reads RNA and makes proteins - Answer- translation The transcription enzymes in _____________ are more complex and closer to the enzymes in ___________ than _____________ - Answer- archaea, eukaryota, bacteria Structures unique to Eukaryotes are - Answer- internal membranes mitochondria chloroplasts Plants are the only eukaryotes to have a central _____________ - Answer- vacuole adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine - Answer- DNA bases The primary structure of DNA is defined by the - Answer- nitrogenous bases The secondary structure of DNA is defined by the number of - Answer- purines and pyrimidines DNA molecule structure is composed of - Answer- two strands in opposite directions called antiparallel RNA is only a single strand of - Answer- genetic material The 5' end of a nucleotide connects to a - Answer- phosphate group The 3' end of a nucleotide connects to a - Answer- hydroxyl group Strands Separate New strand is copied using original as template Each new DNA molecule is one old/one new - Answer- semi conservative mechanism New double helix created by copying old one entirely new DNA in the new molecule - Answer- conservative mechanism DNA is cut into many fragments These pieces are copied The pieces are recombined Each new molecule is bits of old and new DNA - Answer- dispersive mechanism DNA templates are read in a _______________ direction - Answer- 3 to 5 DNA is synthesized in a ______________ direction - Answer- 5 to 3 DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA ______________ and _______________ to the template strand. - Answer- complementary, antiparallel Single DNA molecule that has centromere at some point on the helix. - Answer- unreplicated chromosome Two sister chromatids, made of two DNA molecules, identical in sequence. - Answer- chromosome Double stranded DNA helix - Answer- DNA molecule The molecules of a replicated chromosome are called ___________. - Answer- sister chromatids growth phases of cell, normal- status quo of cell - Answer- g1 phase DNA replication (process beginning) phase - Answer- S phase Chromosome replication - Answer- G2 phase Mitosis and Cytokinesis phase - Answer- M phase The mass of DNA doubles between _____ and ______ phase - Answer- g1, g2 In mitosis, each daughter cell receives a(an) _________________ copy of the genetic info that was contained in the parent cell. - Answer- identical Sequence of DNA - Answer- gene More closely related taxa form a __________ clade. - Answer- smaller This organelle found in eukaryotes can make its own proteins. - Answer- mitochondria