UKY BIO 148 Exam 3 Questions and Answers (A+ Solution guide)

UKY BIO 148 Exam 3 Questions and Answers (A+ Solution guide) sister chromatids - Answer- Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. somatic cells - Answer- Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells; also known as body cells Gamete - Answer- a haploid sex cell, formed during meiosis, that can combine with another haploid sex cell and produce a zygote (diploid fertilized egg) Meiosis - Answer- Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms Meiosis II - Answer- sister chromatids separate homologous chromosomes - Answer- Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes. Can carry different alleles nonhomologous chromosomes - Answer- a pair of chromosomes that are different sizes and contain different genes haploid number - Answer- the number of distinct chromosome sets in a cell synapsis - Answer- the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis 1 crossing over - Answer- the exchange of segments of non-sister chromatids between a pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis 1 nonsister chromatids - Answer- The chromatids of a particular type of chromosome (after replication) with respect to the chromatids of its homologous chromosome. Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids. Cytokinesis - Answer- division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells Meiosis I - Answer- The first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. ferilization - Answer- fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote Zygote - Answer- The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg. Gene - Answer- a section of DNA that encodes a protein locus - Answer- Location of a gene on a chromosome Allele - Answer- a particular version of a gene Genotype - Answer- genetic makeup Homozygous - Answer- Having two identical alleles for a particular gene Heterozygous - Answer- having two different alleles for a particular gene Phenotype - Answer- the detectable physical and physiological traits of an individual that determine its genetic makeup model organism - Answer- An organism selected for intensive scientific study based on features that make it easy to work with (e.g., body size, life span), in the hope that findings will apply to other species. monohybrid cross - Answer- a mating between two parents that are both heterozygous for one given gene Dominant - Answer- referring to an allele that determines the phenotype of a heterozygous individual Recessive - Answer- referring to an allele whose phenotypic effect is observed only in homozygous individuals Law of Segregation - Answer- the concept that each pair of hereditary elements separate from each other during the formation of offspring Punnett Square - Answer- A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross dihybrid cross - Answer- A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene independent assortment - Answer- Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes gene pool - Answer- Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population Mutation - Answer- A change in a gene or chromosome. deleterious - Answer- In genetics, referring to any mutation or allele that reduces an individual's fitness beneficial - Answer- In genetics, referring to any mutation, allele, or trait that increases an individual's fitness.