GMS 6440 Fundamentals of Medical Physiology
Final Exam 2026 – Complete Study Guide,
Questions & Verified Answers
name the levels of organization in the human body starting with a molecule - correct answers -
molecule
macromolecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
what are the levels of organization in the heart - correct answers -amino acids --> proteins
proteins --> contraction-filament organelles
organelles --> muscle cells
muscle cells --> muscle tissue
muscle tissue --> muscle (organ like a heart)
heart --> other organs --> organ system
organ systems --> organism (human being)
what is the definition of anatomy? - correct answers -the study of structure (greek for a cutting up)
what is the definition of physiology? - correct answers -the study of function (greek for relationship to
nature)
1
,what is structure ALWAYS related to? - correct answers -function
what are the characteristics of life? - correct answers -respiration
digestion
absorption
assimilation
circulation
excretion
what are the main goals of respiration? - correct answers -obtaining oxygen and removing carbon
dioxide from the body
what is the definition of assimilation in the body? - correct answers -changing of absorbed substances
into chemically different forms
what happens when homeostasis is out of whack? - correct answers -disease, organ systems
malfunctioning
what are the different organ systems in the body? - correct answers -skeletal system
muscular system
digestive system
cardiovascular/respiratory system
renal/urinary system
endocrine system
nervous system
what are the major organs in the skeletal system? - correct answers -bones
cartilage
2
,bone marrow
how many bones are in the human body? - correct answers -206 bones
what are the functions of the skeletal system? - correct answers -provides support
provides protection
stores calcium/other minerals
forms blood cells
how is skeletal muscle organized? - correct answers -muscle attached to tendon
tendon attached to bone
what are the major organs in the muscular system? - correct answers -skeletal muscles
associated tendons
how many muscles are there in the body - correct answers -650 muscles
how does the muscular system use the energy in the body - correct answers -40% energy muscle
contraction
60% generate heat
what are the functions of the muscular system - correct answers -provides movement
provides protection/support
generates heat to maintain body temperature
what are the two main components of muscles? - correct answers -myosin and actin
how many leg muscles are required to walk> - correct answers -12
3
, what is voluntary movement controlled by - correct answers -brain
motor neurons
neuromuscular junctions
what are the three different types of muscle types - correct answers -skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
what two muscle types are involuntary - correct answers -smooth and cardiac
what type of muscle is spindle shaped and in irregular bundles with dark nuclei - correct answers -
smooth muscle
what type of muscle has striations visible - correct answers -skeletal muscle
what type of muscle is in the GI tract (esophagus, stomach) - correct answers -smooth muscle
what are the major organs of the digestive system - correct answers -teeth, tongue, pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
what are the functions of the digestive system - correct answers -process and digest food
absorb and conserve water
breakdown sugar, proteins, fats
4
Final Exam 2026 – Complete Study Guide,
Questions & Verified Answers
name the levels of organization in the human body starting with a molecule - correct answers -
molecule
macromolecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
what are the levels of organization in the heart - correct answers -amino acids --> proteins
proteins --> contraction-filament organelles
organelles --> muscle cells
muscle cells --> muscle tissue
muscle tissue --> muscle (organ like a heart)
heart --> other organs --> organ system
organ systems --> organism (human being)
what is the definition of anatomy? - correct answers -the study of structure (greek for a cutting up)
what is the definition of physiology? - correct answers -the study of function (greek for relationship to
nature)
1
,what is structure ALWAYS related to? - correct answers -function
what are the characteristics of life? - correct answers -respiration
digestion
absorption
assimilation
circulation
excretion
what are the main goals of respiration? - correct answers -obtaining oxygen and removing carbon
dioxide from the body
what is the definition of assimilation in the body? - correct answers -changing of absorbed substances
into chemically different forms
what happens when homeostasis is out of whack? - correct answers -disease, organ systems
malfunctioning
what are the different organ systems in the body? - correct answers -skeletal system
muscular system
digestive system
cardiovascular/respiratory system
renal/urinary system
endocrine system
nervous system
what are the major organs in the skeletal system? - correct answers -bones
cartilage
2
,bone marrow
how many bones are in the human body? - correct answers -206 bones
what are the functions of the skeletal system? - correct answers -provides support
provides protection
stores calcium/other minerals
forms blood cells
how is skeletal muscle organized? - correct answers -muscle attached to tendon
tendon attached to bone
what are the major organs in the muscular system? - correct answers -skeletal muscles
associated tendons
how many muscles are there in the body - correct answers -650 muscles
how does the muscular system use the energy in the body - correct answers -40% energy muscle
contraction
60% generate heat
what are the functions of the muscular system - correct answers -provides movement
provides protection/support
generates heat to maintain body temperature
what are the two main components of muscles? - correct answers -myosin and actin
how many leg muscles are required to walk> - correct answers -12
3
, what is voluntary movement controlled by - correct answers -brain
motor neurons
neuromuscular junctions
what are the three different types of muscle types - correct answers -skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
what two muscle types are involuntary - correct answers -smooth and cardiac
what type of muscle is spindle shaped and in irregular bundles with dark nuclei - correct answers -
smooth muscle
what type of muscle has striations visible - correct answers -skeletal muscle
what type of muscle is in the GI tract (esophagus, stomach) - correct answers -smooth muscle
what are the major organs of the digestive system - correct answers -teeth, tongue, pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
what are the functions of the digestive system - correct answers -process and digest food
absorb and conserve water
breakdown sugar, proteins, fats
4
