ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS EXAM SCRIPT FINAL
PAPER 2026 FULL SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
◉ What is BEERS criteria?.
Answer: Recommendations of medications inappropriate for elderly
(65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
◉ What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450).
Answer: liver enzyme system where medications are metabolized,
can either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug
interactions
◉ CYP450 inducers.
Answer: Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug
has lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450
enzymes
◉ CYP450 inducers pneumonic.
Answer: "Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
,◉ CYP450 inducer drug names.
Answer: Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin,
alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
◉ CYP450 inhibitors.
Answer: inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of medications
◉ CYP450 pneumonic.
Answer: "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers like
CK to look GQ"
◉ CYP450 inhibitors drug names.
Answer: Valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone,
chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
◉ Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact
pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs?.
Answer: increase glomerular filtration rate leads to increase durg
excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
,◉ Examples of medications that can be teratogenic.
Answer: Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials such as tetracyclines
and fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some anticoagulants,
and hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
◉ How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in
neonates?.
Answer: slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first few
days of life
◉ Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in
infancy?.
Answer: delayed gastric emptying
◉ Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric
patient?.
Answer: glucocorticoids, discoloration of developing teeth with
tetracyclines, and kernicterus with sulfonamides, levofloxacin
(antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
◉ what should be included in medication administration patient
education?.
Answer: dosage size and timing
, route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
◉ What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk
for adverse drug reactions?.
Answer: reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered
pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
◉ How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly
patient experiencing an adverse drug reaction?.
Answer: obtaining a thorough drug history that includes over-the-
counter medications
FUNDAMENTALS EXAM SCRIPT FINAL
PAPER 2026 FULL SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
◉ What is BEERS criteria?.
Answer: Recommendations of medications inappropriate for elderly
(65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
◉ What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450).
Answer: liver enzyme system where medications are metabolized,
can either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug
interactions
◉ CYP450 inducers.
Answer: Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug
has lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450
enzymes
◉ CYP450 inducers pneumonic.
Answer: "Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
,◉ CYP450 inducer drug names.
Answer: Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin,
alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
◉ CYP450 inhibitors.
Answer: inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of medications
◉ CYP450 pneumonic.
Answer: "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers like
CK to look GQ"
◉ CYP450 inhibitors drug names.
Answer: Valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone,
chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
◉ Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact
pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs?.
Answer: increase glomerular filtration rate leads to increase durg
excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
,◉ Examples of medications that can be teratogenic.
Answer: Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials such as tetracyclines
and fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some anticoagulants,
and hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
◉ How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in
neonates?.
Answer: slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first few
days of life
◉ Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in
infancy?.
Answer: delayed gastric emptying
◉ Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric
patient?.
Answer: glucocorticoids, discoloration of developing teeth with
tetracyclines, and kernicterus with sulfonamides, levofloxacin
(antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
◉ what should be included in medication administration patient
education?.
Answer: dosage size and timing
, route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
◉ What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk
for adverse drug reactions?.
Answer: reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered
pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
◉ How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly
patient experiencing an adverse drug reaction?.
Answer: obtaining a thorough drug history that includes over-the-
counter medications
