Usmle step 1 cardiovascular
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1. First functional organ in vertebrate heart- *beats spontaneously by week 4 of develop-
embryos; ment*
2. Primary heart tube loops to estab- begins in week 4 of development.
lish left-right
polarity;
3. Defect in left-right dynein (involved dextrocardia, as seen in Kartagener syndrome.
in left-right
asymmetry) can lead tod
4. septum primum grows toward endocardial
cushions, narrowing ostium primum.
5. Ostium secundum forms in septum primum due to cell death (ostium primum
regresses).
6. Septum secundum develops on the as ostium secundum maintains right-to-left shunt.
right
side of septum primum,
7. Septum secundum expands and The residual foramen is the foramen ovale.
covers most
of ostium secundum.
8. Septum primum closes against sep- sealing the foramen ovale soon
tum after birth because of LA pressure and RA
secundum, pressure.
9. Remaining portion of septum pri- the one-way valve of the foramen ovale.
mum forms
10. forming the atrial septum.
, Usmle step 1 cardiovascular
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ixvdvc
Septum secundum and septum pri-
mum fuse
during infancy/early childhood,
11. Patent foramen ovale—failure of seen in 25% of population.
septum asymptomatic
primum and septum secundum to Can lead to paradoxical emboli (venous
fuse thromboemboli entering the systemic arterial
after birth; circulation through right-to-left shunt)
as can
occur in atrial septal defect (ASD).
12. Heart morphogenesis: ventricles interventricular foramen
Muscular interventricular septum
forms. Opening is called————-.
13. Aorticopulmonary septum rotates muscular ventricular septum, membranous interven-
and fuses tricular septum
with———————— to
form————————, closing
interventricular foramen.
14. Growth of endocardial cushions atria from ventricles, atrial septation and membranous
separates portion.
——————and contributes to
both——-———————of
the interventricular septum.
15. ventricular septal defect most common congenital cardiac anomaly,
usually occurs in membranous septum.
16. Atrioventricular septal defect endocardial cushion or AV canal defect,
(AVSD)—also Down syndrome, maternal diabetes, and obesity.
, Usmle step 1 cardiovascular
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ixvdvc
known as————————. Acyan-
otic congenital heart defect with
single common AV valve plus either
ASD
alone (partial AVSD) or both ASD
and VSD
(complete AVSD). Associated
with————————.
17. Outflow tract formation Neural crest and endocardial cell migrations --> trun-
cal and bulbar ridges that spiral and fuse to form
aorticopulmonary septum --> ascending aorta and
pulmonary trunk
18. Conotruncal abnormalities associ- 1. Transposition of great vessels
ated with failure of neural crest cells 2. Tetralogy of Fallot
to migrate: 3. Persistent truncus arteriosus
19. Valve development Valvular anomalies may be stenotic, regurgitant,
Aortic/pulmonary = Derived from atretic (eg, tricuspid atresia), or displaced (eg,
endocardial cushions of outflow Ebstein anomaly).
tract
Mitral/Tricuspid = Fused endocar-
dial cushions of the AV canal
20. Heart embryology Superior vena cava (SVC)
Right common cardinal vein and Inferior vena cava (IVC)
right anterior cardinal vein
Posterior cardinal, subcardinal, and
supracardinal veins
21. Right horn of sinus venosus forms smooth part of R atrium (sinus venarum)
Left horn of sinus venosus -where blood enters from the SVC
, Usmle step 1 cardiovascular
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ixvdvc
forms coronary sinus
Coronary sinus
22. Primitive pulmonary vein Smooth part of left atrium
Primitive atrium Trabeculated part of left and right atria
23. Endocardial cushion gives rise to Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum;
AV and semilunar valves
24. primitive ventricle gives rise to Trabeculated part of left and right ventricles
25. bulbus cordis gives rise to Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
26. truncus arteriosus gives rise to Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
27. ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum after birth
28. ductus venosus becomes ligamentum venosum of liver
29. Foramen ovale fossa ovalis
30. AllaNtois ’ urachus becomes what MediaN umbilical ligament
after birth? Urachus is part of the allantoic duct b/w the bladder
and umbilicus
31. umbilical arteries medial umbilical ligaments
32. umbilical vein becomes Ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament)
Contained in falciform ligament
33. Fetal circulation 1. Umbilical vein ductus venosus ¡IVC (bypassing he-
3 important shunts: patic circulation).
2. Most of the highly oxygenated blood from IVC ¡
foramen ovale ¡LA.
3. Deoxygenated blood from SVC ¡RA ¡RV ¡main pul-
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ixvdvc
1. First functional organ in vertebrate heart- *beats spontaneously by week 4 of develop-
embryos; ment*
2. Primary heart tube loops to estab- begins in week 4 of development.
lish left-right
polarity;
3. Defect in left-right dynein (involved dextrocardia, as seen in Kartagener syndrome.
in left-right
asymmetry) can lead tod
4. septum primum grows toward endocardial
cushions, narrowing ostium primum.
5. Ostium secundum forms in septum primum due to cell death (ostium primum
regresses).
6. Septum secundum develops on the as ostium secundum maintains right-to-left shunt.
right
side of septum primum,
7. Septum secundum expands and The residual foramen is the foramen ovale.
covers most
of ostium secundum.
8. Septum primum closes against sep- sealing the foramen ovale soon
tum after birth because of LA pressure and RA
secundum, pressure.
9. Remaining portion of septum pri- the one-way valve of the foramen ovale.
mum forms
10. forming the atrial septum.
, Usmle step 1 cardiovascular
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ixvdvc
Septum secundum and septum pri-
mum fuse
during infancy/early childhood,
11. Patent foramen ovale—failure of seen in 25% of population.
septum asymptomatic
primum and septum secundum to Can lead to paradoxical emboli (venous
fuse thromboemboli entering the systemic arterial
after birth; circulation through right-to-left shunt)
as can
occur in atrial septal defect (ASD).
12. Heart morphogenesis: ventricles interventricular foramen
Muscular interventricular septum
forms. Opening is called————-.
13. Aorticopulmonary septum rotates muscular ventricular septum, membranous interven-
and fuses tricular septum
with———————— to
form————————, closing
interventricular foramen.
14. Growth of endocardial cushions atria from ventricles, atrial septation and membranous
separates portion.
——————and contributes to
both——-———————of
the interventricular septum.
15. ventricular septal defect most common congenital cardiac anomaly,
usually occurs in membranous septum.
16. Atrioventricular septal defect endocardial cushion or AV canal defect,
(AVSD)—also Down syndrome, maternal diabetes, and obesity.
, Usmle step 1 cardiovascular
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ixvdvc
known as————————. Acyan-
otic congenital heart defect with
single common AV valve plus either
ASD
alone (partial AVSD) or both ASD
and VSD
(complete AVSD). Associated
with————————.
17. Outflow tract formation Neural crest and endocardial cell migrations --> trun-
cal and bulbar ridges that spiral and fuse to form
aorticopulmonary septum --> ascending aorta and
pulmonary trunk
18. Conotruncal abnormalities associ- 1. Transposition of great vessels
ated with failure of neural crest cells 2. Tetralogy of Fallot
to migrate: 3. Persistent truncus arteriosus
19. Valve development Valvular anomalies may be stenotic, regurgitant,
Aortic/pulmonary = Derived from atretic (eg, tricuspid atresia), or displaced (eg,
endocardial cushions of outflow Ebstein anomaly).
tract
Mitral/Tricuspid = Fused endocar-
dial cushions of the AV canal
20. Heart embryology Superior vena cava (SVC)
Right common cardinal vein and Inferior vena cava (IVC)
right anterior cardinal vein
Posterior cardinal, subcardinal, and
supracardinal veins
21. Right horn of sinus venosus forms smooth part of R atrium (sinus venarum)
Left horn of sinus venosus -where blood enters from the SVC
, Usmle step 1 cardiovascular
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ixvdvc
forms coronary sinus
Coronary sinus
22. Primitive pulmonary vein Smooth part of left atrium
Primitive atrium Trabeculated part of left and right atria
23. Endocardial cushion gives rise to Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum;
AV and semilunar valves
24. primitive ventricle gives rise to Trabeculated part of left and right ventricles
25. bulbus cordis gives rise to Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
26. truncus arteriosus gives rise to Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
27. ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum after birth
28. ductus venosus becomes ligamentum venosum of liver
29. Foramen ovale fossa ovalis
30. AllaNtois ’ urachus becomes what MediaN umbilical ligament
after birth? Urachus is part of the allantoic duct b/w the bladder
and umbilicus
31. umbilical arteries medial umbilical ligaments
32. umbilical vein becomes Ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament)
Contained in falciform ligament
33. Fetal circulation 1. Umbilical vein ductus venosus ¡IVC (bypassing he-
3 important shunts: patic circulation).
2. Most of the highly oxygenated blood from IVC ¡
foramen ovale ¡LA.
3. Deoxygenated blood from SVC ¡RA ¡RV ¡main pul-
