BIOS 251-Final Study Guide | Completed A

BIOS 251-Final Study Guide 1. Describe the structural and functional classifications of joints Structurally joints are classified as Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial Fibrous: No synovial cavity Ex: Sutures - dense fibrous CT Syndesmoses: More dense fibrous CT than a suture Ex: Gomphosis Interosseous Membranes: a broad sheet of dense fibrous CT Ex: Between radius and ulna Cartilaginous: No synovial cavity (Syn=No Chondrosis=Cartilage) hyaline cartilage; no movement Ex: Epiphyseal plate - growth plate Symphysis: fibrocartilage; some small movement Ex: Pubic Symphysis - held together by cartilage Epiphyseal plate, Vertebral discs Synovial: Have a synovial cavity Articular cartilage on ends of long bones and a synovial cavity between articulating bones surrounded by accessory ligaments; freely moveable. Ex: Hip, Knee, Shoulder, Elbow -have articular capsule & have accessory ligaments that help support Functionally joints are classified as Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses Synarthroses: Allow no movement Ex: Suture, Gomphosis (Joint classification: Fibrous) Amphiarthroses: Allow little to no movement Ex: Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs - small amounts of movement - few degrees (Joint classification: Cartilaginous) Diarthroses: Freely moveable Ex: Hip, Knee, Shoulder, Elbow (Joint classification: Synovial) 2. Describe the types of movements that can occur at synovial joints (Diarthroses: Freely moveable - large range of movement) Gliding: Movement of relatively flat bone surfaces back and forth and side to side over one another; little change in angle between bones. Angular: Increase or decrease in angle between bones. Flexion: Decrease in angle between articulating bones, usually in sagittal plane. Lateral Flexion: Movement of trunk in frontal plane. Extension: Increase in angle between articulating bones, usually in sagittal plane. This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :39:01 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseHHyperextension: Extension beyond anatomical position Abduction: Movement of bone away from midline, usually frontal plane. Adduction: Movement of bone toward midline, usually in frontal plane. Circumduction: Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction and rotation in succession (or in the opposite order); distal end of body part moves in circle. Rotation: Movement of bones around longitudinal axis; in limbs, may be medial (toward midline) or lateral (away from midline). Special: Occurs at specific joints. Elevation: Superior movement of body Depression: Inferior movement of body Protraction: Anterior movement of body part in transverse plane Retraction: Posterior movement of body in transverse plane Inversion: Medial movement of sole Eversion: Lateral movement of sole Dorsiflexion: Bending foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface) Plantar flexion: Bending foot in direction of plantar surface (sole) Supination: Movement of forearm that turns palms anteriorly Pronation: Movement of forearm that turns palm posteriorly Opposition: Movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on same hand 3. Describe the disorders that affect joints (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) Osteoarthritis: General wear and tear on joint where articular cartilage wears out Also known as degenerative joint disease Rheumatoid: Autoimmune - body attacks joints and is sensitive to dietary changes. Also known as inflammatory joint disease (#1 cause of debilitating disease) 4. Differentiate between strain and sprain A strain is a stretched or partially torn muscle or muscle and tendon. Often occurs when muscle contracts suddenly and powerfully Ex: leg muscles of sprinters when they spring from the blocks. A sprain is the wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears it ligaments but does not dislocate the bones. 5. Describe the main anatomical components of the knee joint and explain the movements that can occur at this joint 6. Identify the structural components of the glenohumeral joint Glenoid Cavity of Scapula and Head of Humerus This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :39:01 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH7. Identify the structural components of the elbow joint Anular Ligament of the Radius Articular Capsule Radial Collateral Ligament Anular Ligament of the Radius Articular Capsule Ulnar Collateral Ligament 8. Identify the structural components of the hip joint Iliofemoral Ligament - Iliac connected to femur Pubofemoral Ligament - Pubis connects to femur 9. Identify the features found on the femur Head Greater Trochanter Lesser Trochanter Gluteal Tuberosity Medial Condyle Patellar Groove Lateral Condyle 10. Describe the disorders associated with tracking of the patella on the femur Patellar tracking disorder occurs when the kneecap (patella) shifts out of place as the leg bends or straightens. In most cases, the kneecap shifts too far toward the outside of the leg, although in a few people it shifts toward the inside. 11. Identify bones of the axial skeleton 80 Skull bones, Auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral column. 12. Identify facial bones 14 Facial bones 2 Nasal 2 Lacrimal 2 Inferior Nasal Concha 2 Maxilla 2 Palatine 2 Zygomatic 1 Mandible 1 Vomer 13. Describe the location of the cranial bones Frontal, 2 Parietal, 2 Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid 14. Describe the disorders associated with the spinal column Costochondritis: Inflammation of one or more costal cartilage Lordosis: Condition characterized by an increase or exaggeration of the lumbar curve of the vertebral column This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :39:01 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseHKyphosis: Condition characterized by an increase in the thoracic curve of the vertebral column Scoliosis: Condition characterized by a lateral bending of the vertebral column in the thoracic region Herniated Disc: Condition where protrusion of the nucleus pulposus posteriorly or into one of the adjacent vertebral bodies in the vertebral column Spina bifida: Congenital defect of the vertebral column where the laminae do not develop normally (looks like open wound/pressure ulcer) 15. Describe the structural components of a long bone Greater in length than width Ex: Femur, Humerus, Phalanges, Tibia Diaphysis (bone shaft) - humerus 2 Epiphyses (both ends of the bone at the joints) 2 Metaphyses (region between diaphysis and epiphysis) Articular Cartilage covering both epiphyses Periosteum (connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis - irregular connective tissue) Medullary Cavity (hollow space within diaphysis) Endosteum (thin membrane lining the medullary cavity - can replicate to make bone thicker) 16. Describe the progression/phases of a mature bone cell Osteoprogenitor Cells: bone stem cells able to differentiate into other types of cells - only bone cells to undergo cell division to become osteoblasts Osteoblasts: bone building cells that secrete matrix - synthesize collagen fibers and bone matrix, secrete, surround selves and mature into osteocytes “OsteoBlasts=Build” Osteocytes: Mature bone cells responsible for daily maintenance, exchange of nutrients *Functioning bone cell This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :39:01 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH17. Describe the materials involved in bone remodeling Osteoclasts: remodel bones and cause them to release calcium “Clasts=Cleaning” 18. Describe the functions of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin Thyroid secretes Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) when calcium levels drop (increase) Calcitonin decreases levels of calcium 19. Identify the layers and functions of skin Epidermis: Outer layer made up of epithelial tissue - avascular Function: Waterproof barrier + creates skin tone Dermis: Inner made up of connective tissue Function: Tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands Subcutaneous/ SubQ/Hypodermis: under the dermis Function:made up of connective tissue and fat - fat anchors to facia 20. Identify the layers and functions of the epidermis : “Come Let’s Get Sun Burn” Superficial to Deep (shallow to deep) Corneum: Flat (superficial) Keratinocytes that secrete keratin - prevents loss of moisture/barrier Lucidum: ONLY PRESENT IN THICK SKIN - Keratinocytes, thick plasma membrane Granulosum: Waterproof function that keeps water out/in area of transition from deep to superficial Spinosum: Melanocytes + Macrophages Basale: Deepest (basement), Keratinocytes, Stem Cells, Cell division 21. Describe the general features of epithelial tissues Epithelial tissue is arranged in sheets, has many cells densely packed, little to no extracellular matrix, avascular with nerve supply, lines hollow organs, attach to a basement membrane, and form glands. 22. Describe structural components and functions of the organelles Cytoskeleton: Helps maintain shape and structural integrity Contains: Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules Centrosome/Centrioles: contains Microtubules for structural integrity Cilia & Flagella: Cilia - Moves water and different solutes over cell surface Flagella - Moves actual cell itself (Flagellum ~ part of sperm) Ribosomes: Responsible for protein synthesis, free floating or attached to Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum), composed 2 subunits, contains RNA Endoplasmic Reticulum: 2 parts Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: No ribosomes responsible for synthesis of fatty acids and steroids as well as detoxification Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Contains ribosomes site of protein synthesis Golgi Complex: Post office of cell that accepts proteins from ER and is responsible for sorting, packaging, and transporting out of cell. Entry: CI Exit: Trans/Face (Face Cisterna) Exported by Exocytosis Lysosomes: Important for digestion (Fuse & digest then dump into cytosol) Peroxisomes: Similar to lysosomes but smaller and use oxygen to oxidize and breakdown. Responsible for breaking down harmful substances amino acids, and fatty acids. This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :39:01 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseHProteasomes: Barrel shaped structures that destroy unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins by cutting long proteins into smaller peptides. Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, makes all ATP, site of cellular respiration Nucleus: Control center of the cell, responsible for genetic synthesis, contains all gene cells, produces ribosomes, present in almost all cells except red blood cells, 46 chromosomes in each cell. 23. Outline the major body cavities and the organs they contain Vertebral Cavity: Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves. Thoracic Cavity: Chest Cavity- contains Pleural and Pericardial cavities and the mediastinum -Pleural Cavity: A potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds the lungs -Pericardial Cavity: A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart. Viscular = Inside Parietal = Outside Anterior view is the Thoracic Cavity -Mediastinum: Central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels. Abdominopelvic Cavity: Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities -Abdominal Cavity: Contains Stomach, Spleen, Liver, Gallbladder, Small Intestines, and most of large intestines; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum. -Pelvic Cavity: Contains Urinary Bladder, portions of Large Intestines, and internal Organs reproduction. 24. Define the anatomical planes, anatomical sections, and directional terms used to describe the human body Planes: Para Sagittal - Right and Left side Mid Sagittal - Equal Right and Left side Frontal - Anterior and Posterior (Front and Back/Coronal) Transverse- Superior and Inferior (Top and Bottom) Oblique - Diagonal *If you cut along a plane you get a section Directional Terms: Superior - Above Inferior - Below Lateral - Away from midline Medial - Moving towards midline Distal - Away from point of attachment Proximal - Closer to point of attachment Midline/Median - Imaginary line down center of body Ventral + Anterior - Front Dorsal + Posterior - Back Intercarpals - Gliding between carpals, flat bone back & forth or side to side Angular: Flexion, Extension, ADduction, Abduction, Rotation This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :39:01 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseHSpecial Atlanto-Occipital and cervical intervertebral joints: Flexion - bend head forward Extension - bend head backwards Hyperextension - bend head further backwards Shoulder Joint: Flexion- move arm in front of you Extension- move arm towards back of you Hyperextension- move arm further towards back Elbow Joint: Flexion- move towards face Extension- move towards lower body Wrist Joint: Flexion- wrist towards face Extension- wrist flat Hyperextension- wrist facing ground towards back Hip Joint: Flexion - leg in front away from body Extension - leg flat on floor Hyperextension - leg back behind body Knee Joint: Flexion - leg on floor Extension - Extended away - making leg straight Intervertebral Joints: Lateral Flexion: try to touch toes on side Shoulder Joint: Abduction- Straight out Adduction - Parallel to body “add to body” Wrist Joints: Abduction - pinky away from body Adduction- pinky towards body Hip Joint: Abduction- Away from body Adduction- Parallel to body “add to body” This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :39:01 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseHMetacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers (not the thumb) Abduction - Fingers spread apart Adduction - Fingers together Shoulder joint & Hip joint: Rotational Movement - Circumduction Hip Joint: Lateral Rotation - clockwise Medial Rotation - counterclockwise Shoulder Joint: Lateral Rotation - arm away from body Medial Rotation - arm in front of abdomen Atlanto-axial Joints: Rotation - turning head side to side - looking left and right Temporomandibular Joints: Elevation - closed mouth Depression - open mouth Protraction - Anterior movement of body part Retraction - Posterior movement of body part Intertarsal Joints: Inversion - Medial movement of sole Eversion- Lateral movement of sole Ankle Joint: Dorsiflexion - Flexing foot up Plantar flexion - Flexing foot towards floor Radioulnar Joints: Supination - Movement of forearm that turns palms anteriorly Pronation - Movement of forearm that turns palms posteriorly Carpometacarpal Joint: Opposition - Movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on same hand This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :39:01 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH Powered by TCPDF ()