Pathophysiology NSG 533 Exam 1 Actual
Questions and Correct Detailed Answers
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• What are the five essential components of pathophysiology? -✓✓1. Etiology
(Causative mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanism)
4. clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
• The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to happen? May be
simple/complex. -✓✓etiology
• Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or populations. This
component of disease represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics (e.g. age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location) and
the incidence and prevalence of disease. -✓✓Epidemiology
• Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus event(s) and the
manifestations of the disease. -✓✓pathogenesis
• Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is wrong. e.g.
Signs and symptoms -✓✓Clinical manifestations
• Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions (cure, remission,
chronicity, or death) -✓✓Outcomes
• What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell injury and death?
Give 2 examples of each. -✓✓1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation injury,
ischemia reperfusion injury, microbial killing by phagocytes, and cellular aging
,3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia and certain
chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can lead to liver or
kidney damage
• The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most
of the cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate
energy to fuel normal activities of that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps
and protein synthesis) and function. -✓✓ATP depletion
• A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) -✓✓glycolysis
• Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) -✓✓Oxidative
Phosphorylation
• What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? -
✓✓hypoxia
• Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy
production in the cell. -✓✓Ischemia
• What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? -
✓✓1. The amount of ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which then leads
to increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic
metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are
depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also =
intracellular pH decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of pH and even
slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to
fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of
nuclear membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH= rupture of already swollen
lysosomes and release of proteolytic enzymes= autodigestion of cell contents and
cell membrane.
, 8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles=
activate proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the
cell.
• Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring. They have a
particular affinity for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or organelle
membrane. "Drill a hole" in the membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of
cellular metabolism, and they are always present in the body. -✓✓Free radicals
• Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant species in cells
during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation. Most sources come from
the mitochondria. Made during the process of making ATP. -✓✓Reactive oxygen
species (ROS)
• Remove free radicals and ROS from our system. -✓✓Antioxidants
• When free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm our antioxidants or
when antioxidants are decreased. -✓✓Oxidative Stress
• What can occur within the cell when injury is induced by free radicals? -✓✓1.
membrane damage
2. protein modifications
3. mutations in DNA
4. Damage to cell signaling pathways
• Genetic disturbances can be _______ if they involve the germ cell line of an
individual -✓✓inherited
• Genetic disturbances can also be _______ by exposure to some mutagenic/
carcinogenic environmental factors -✓✓acquired
• Enzymes secreted by microorganisms can breakdown cell membranes once
introduced into the body= _______
Allows the organisms to dissolve surrounding tissues and allows them to move
deeper into the tissues, blood, and lymphatics. -✓✓lysis by enzymes
Questions and Correct Detailed Answers
(Verified Solutions) | Already Graded A+ |
Complete Review Pack
• What are the five essential components of pathophysiology? -✓✓1. Etiology
(Causative mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanism)
4. clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
• The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to happen? May be
simple/complex. -✓✓etiology
• Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or populations. This
component of disease represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics (e.g. age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location) and
the incidence and prevalence of disease. -✓✓Epidemiology
• Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus event(s) and the
manifestations of the disease. -✓✓pathogenesis
• Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is wrong. e.g.
Signs and symptoms -✓✓Clinical manifestations
• Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions (cure, remission,
chronicity, or death) -✓✓Outcomes
• What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell injury and death?
Give 2 examples of each. -✓✓1. ATP depletion- Ischemia and Anemia
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation injury,
ischemia reperfusion injury, microbial killing by phagocytes, and cellular aging
,3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia and certain
chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can lead to liver or
kidney damage
• The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most
of the cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate
energy to fuel normal activities of that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps
and protein synthesis) and function. -✓✓ATP depletion
• A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) -✓✓glycolysis
• Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) -✓✓Oxidative
Phosphorylation
• What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? -
✓✓hypoxia
• Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy
production in the cell. -✓✓Ischemia
• What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? -
✓✓1. The amount of ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which then leads
to increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in K+ in cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic
metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are
depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also =
intracellular pH decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of pH and even
slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to
fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of
nuclear membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH= rupture of already swollen
lysosomes and release of proteolytic enzymes= autodigestion of cell contents and
cell membrane.
, 8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles=
activate proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the
cell.
• Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring. They have a
particular affinity for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or organelle
membrane. "Drill a hole" in the membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of
cellular metabolism, and they are always present in the body. -✓✓Free radicals
• Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant species in cells
during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation. Most sources come from
the mitochondria. Made during the process of making ATP. -✓✓Reactive oxygen
species (ROS)
• Remove free radicals and ROS from our system. -✓✓Antioxidants
• When free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm our antioxidants or
when antioxidants are decreased. -✓✓Oxidative Stress
• What can occur within the cell when injury is induced by free radicals? -✓✓1.
membrane damage
2. protein modifications
3. mutations in DNA
4. Damage to cell signaling pathways
• Genetic disturbances can be _______ if they involve the germ cell line of an
individual -✓✓inherited
• Genetic disturbances can also be _______ by exposure to some mutagenic/
carcinogenic environmental factors -✓✓acquired
• Enzymes secreted by microorganisms can breakdown cell membranes once
introduced into the body= _______
Allows the organisms to dissolve surrounding tissues and allows them to move
deeper into the tissues, blood, and lymphatics. -✓✓lysis by enzymes
