PVMPH (AMR IN THE FOOD CHAIN) FINAL EXAM
2026/2027 WITH QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS
| PVMPH LATEST EXAM 2026!
When does AMR occur?
When bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites change over time and no longer
respond to medicines making infection harder to treat
What type of threat is AMR?
Global health and development
What does AMR require to achieve Sustainable Development Goals?
Urgent multisectoral action
What are the main drivers in the development of drug-resistant pathogens?
Misuse and overuse of antimicrobials
What are some costs of AMR to the economy?
-Death
-Disability
-Longer hospital stays
-More expensive medicines
What does the microbiota play an important role in?
Hosts ability to resist disease through preventing colonization of the GIT by
harmful bacteria
Colonization resistance
Harmful bacteria preventing colonization of the GIT by harmful bacteria
What are the mechanisms of colonization resistance?
-Microbiota activates innate immune system including mucosal immune cells
within GALT and produces defensive metabolites
,-Microbiota competes with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients and mucosal binding
sites as well as producing bacteriocins that kill or inhibit other bacteria
What protective function is disrupted during dysbiosis?
Colonisation resistance
What medicine is a common cause of dysbiosis?
antibiotics due to non-selective bactericidal/bacteriostatic nature
Antibiotic administration can exert selection pressure promoting the
development of what genes in both pathogenic and commensal bacteria of the
microbiota?
Antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs)
Intestinal resistome
Collection of antibiotic resistant genes
Reduced colonization resistance and increased intestinal resistome increases
the risk of what?
ARG transfer between commensals and pathogens, making microbiota a reservoir
for AMR
Antimicrobial use provide selective advantage to
Resistant organisms
Where can selection pressure occur?
Humans, animals, crops, environment
AMS stands for
Antimicrobial Stewardship
What are the components of the AMR "Quadripartite" agreement?
-WHO
-FAO
-IUCN
-WOAH
,What things contribute to AMR selection pressure?
-Antimicrobials
-Heavy metals (have antimicrobial properties)
What are components of AMR transmission cycles?
-Soil
-Waste
-Water
What are the abx categories under WOAH?
-Veterinary Critically Important (VCIA)
-Veterinary Highly Important (VHIA)
-Veterinary Important (VIA)
What are the abx categories under WHO?
-AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve)
-Critically important antimicrobials (CIA)
-Highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs)
What are the abx categories under European Medicines Agency?
-A (avoid, red)
-B (restrict, orange)
-C (caution, yellow)
-D (prudence, silver)
What abx categories do most vets use?
WHO categories
Prophylaxis/metaphylaxis
Precents introduction of or spread of an infectious disease into a flock or herd,
respectively
What is the function of growth promotion?
To enhance feed conversion rates in production animals (give abx in feed)
Is growth promotion allowed in EU/UK?
, No, not since 2006
Are we more likely to get AMR from monogastrics or ruminants?
Monogastrics like pigs and poultry
Growth promotion in has implications in some countries through
Transmission of AMR and antibioitc residues in food via international trade and
travel
Is growth promotion a form of prophylaxis?
Yes
Introduction of FQ use in poultry production was followed by increase in
what?
FQ-resistance in Campylobacter
Is FQ allowed for use in poultry?
Banned for use in poultry in the US in 2005
ESBL
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases
What are under the ESBL category?
-Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae)
-Beta-lactamases that hydrolyze extended spectrum cephalosporins
Plasmid-mediates ESBLs occurs through
-Mutation
-Transfer from Kluyvera spp.
What are the sources of ESBLs?
-Community/healthcare associated infections
-Isolated mainly in pigs, poultry, and companion animals
-Imported poultry meat
-International tracel
2026/2027 WITH QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS
| PVMPH LATEST EXAM 2026!
When does AMR occur?
When bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites change over time and no longer
respond to medicines making infection harder to treat
What type of threat is AMR?
Global health and development
What does AMR require to achieve Sustainable Development Goals?
Urgent multisectoral action
What are the main drivers in the development of drug-resistant pathogens?
Misuse and overuse of antimicrobials
What are some costs of AMR to the economy?
-Death
-Disability
-Longer hospital stays
-More expensive medicines
What does the microbiota play an important role in?
Hosts ability to resist disease through preventing colonization of the GIT by
harmful bacteria
Colonization resistance
Harmful bacteria preventing colonization of the GIT by harmful bacteria
What are the mechanisms of colonization resistance?
-Microbiota activates innate immune system including mucosal immune cells
within GALT and produces defensive metabolites
,-Microbiota competes with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients and mucosal binding
sites as well as producing bacteriocins that kill or inhibit other bacteria
What protective function is disrupted during dysbiosis?
Colonisation resistance
What medicine is a common cause of dysbiosis?
antibiotics due to non-selective bactericidal/bacteriostatic nature
Antibiotic administration can exert selection pressure promoting the
development of what genes in both pathogenic and commensal bacteria of the
microbiota?
Antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs)
Intestinal resistome
Collection of antibiotic resistant genes
Reduced colonization resistance and increased intestinal resistome increases
the risk of what?
ARG transfer between commensals and pathogens, making microbiota a reservoir
for AMR
Antimicrobial use provide selective advantage to
Resistant organisms
Where can selection pressure occur?
Humans, animals, crops, environment
AMS stands for
Antimicrobial Stewardship
What are the components of the AMR "Quadripartite" agreement?
-WHO
-FAO
-IUCN
-WOAH
,What things contribute to AMR selection pressure?
-Antimicrobials
-Heavy metals (have antimicrobial properties)
What are components of AMR transmission cycles?
-Soil
-Waste
-Water
What are the abx categories under WOAH?
-Veterinary Critically Important (VCIA)
-Veterinary Highly Important (VHIA)
-Veterinary Important (VIA)
What are the abx categories under WHO?
-AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve)
-Critically important antimicrobials (CIA)
-Highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs)
What are the abx categories under European Medicines Agency?
-A (avoid, red)
-B (restrict, orange)
-C (caution, yellow)
-D (prudence, silver)
What abx categories do most vets use?
WHO categories
Prophylaxis/metaphylaxis
Precents introduction of or spread of an infectious disease into a flock or herd,
respectively
What is the function of growth promotion?
To enhance feed conversion rates in production animals (give abx in feed)
Is growth promotion allowed in EU/UK?
, No, not since 2006
Are we more likely to get AMR from monogastrics or ruminants?
Monogastrics like pigs and poultry
Growth promotion in has implications in some countries through
Transmission of AMR and antibioitc residues in food via international trade and
travel
Is growth promotion a form of prophylaxis?
Yes
Introduction of FQ use in poultry production was followed by increase in
what?
FQ-resistance in Campylobacter
Is FQ allowed for use in poultry?
Banned for use in poultry in the US in 2005
ESBL
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases
What are under the ESBL category?
-Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae)
-Beta-lactamases that hydrolyze extended spectrum cephalosporins
Plasmid-mediates ESBLs occurs through
-Mutation
-Transfer from Kluyvera spp.
What are the sources of ESBLs?
-Community/healthcare associated infections
-Isolated mainly in pigs, poultry, and companion animals
-Imported poultry meat
-International tracel
