BIOLOGY 2A03 - RENAL PHYSIOLOGY | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
UPDATE | 100% CORRECT.
What must kidneys do? - (answer)1. Maintain osmotic balance: determine the voluem of urine
production/water balance.
2. Regulate ion balance: extraceullar fluid osmolarity contorls loss of ions that have important roles.
3. Mainain pH balance: by retaining or excretion H+ and HCO3-
4. Remove waste: of metabolic nitrogenous wastes and water soluble toxins
5. Respond to changing inputs: diet and hydrations
Main function of the kidneys? - (answer)1. Filtration: filters blood
2. Reabsorption: of molecules from the filtrate
3. Secretion: of specific molecules back into filtrate
4. Excretion: of urine from the body
Where are the kidneys located? - (answer)posterior abdominal wall and on top of the adrenal gland
Why are kidney tubules and their blood vessels large? - (answer)They need to filter
What is the macroscopic anatomy of the mammalian kidney? - (answer)Two layers: outer cortex and the
inner medulla
- there are cortex pyramids which have NEPHRONS embedded in and expand into the medulla
What is a nephron? - (answer)The smallest functional unit of the kidney
- individuals tubular structure that produces urine
- 100,000 of nephrons in each renal pyramid (several pyramids per kidney)
- it plays a role in urine production and collect urine in minor calyx
- main portion of the the nephron is the glomerulus which is where blood supply enters in and out (the
first step of filtration)
, BIOLOGY 2A03 - RENAL PHYSIOLOGY | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
UPDATE | 100% CORRECT.
What is the glomerulus? - (answer)Ball of capillaries in the nephron that performers the first step of
filtering blood
How is urine produced and how does it leave the kidneys? - (answer)Produced: collected by minor
calyces (joins together to make a major calyx)
Leaves: leave the kidneys through the ureter and passes into the urinary bladder for storage
-leave the animal though the urethra
What are the three main transport process in the nephron? - (answer)1. Glomerular filtration: blood
goes from the glomerulus into the nephron
2. Tubular reabsorption: filtrate from the nephron to the rest of the body via peritubular capillaries
3. Tubular secretion: from peritubular capillaries to nephron space
Glomerular filtration - (answer)Blood passes from glomerulus INTO nephron
Tubular reabsorption - (answer)The tissues re absorb what is in the nephron
- nephron to the rest of the body through the peritubular capillaries
Tubular secretion - (answer)Tissues secrete blood from peritubular capillaries into the nephron space
What is the structure of the nephron? - (answer)Exists mainly within the renal correct or writhing the
renal medulla
- cortical nephrons: 85% of our nephrons, short loops of henle (perform most of the resorptive and
secretory functions of the kidney)
- juxtamedullary nephron: 15% of our nephrons, long oops of henle (important in producing
concentrated urine, since the long loops give more opportunity for absorption)
Nephron flow of fluid ** - (answer)1. Renal corpuscle: production of filtrate (where filtration happens,
blood from glomerulus enters nephron)
UPDATE | 100% CORRECT.
What must kidneys do? - (answer)1. Maintain osmotic balance: determine the voluem of urine
production/water balance.
2. Regulate ion balance: extraceullar fluid osmolarity contorls loss of ions that have important roles.
3. Mainain pH balance: by retaining or excretion H+ and HCO3-
4. Remove waste: of metabolic nitrogenous wastes and water soluble toxins
5. Respond to changing inputs: diet and hydrations
Main function of the kidneys? - (answer)1. Filtration: filters blood
2. Reabsorption: of molecules from the filtrate
3. Secretion: of specific molecules back into filtrate
4. Excretion: of urine from the body
Where are the kidneys located? - (answer)posterior abdominal wall and on top of the adrenal gland
Why are kidney tubules and their blood vessels large? - (answer)They need to filter
What is the macroscopic anatomy of the mammalian kidney? - (answer)Two layers: outer cortex and the
inner medulla
- there are cortex pyramids which have NEPHRONS embedded in and expand into the medulla
What is a nephron? - (answer)The smallest functional unit of the kidney
- individuals tubular structure that produces urine
- 100,000 of nephrons in each renal pyramid (several pyramids per kidney)
- it plays a role in urine production and collect urine in minor calyx
- main portion of the the nephron is the glomerulus which is where blood supply enters in and out (the
first step of filtration)
, BIOLOGY 2A03 - RENAL PHYSIOLOGY | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
UPDATE | 100% CORRECT.
What is the glomerulus? - (answer)Ball of capillaries in the nephron that performers the first step of
filtering blood
How is urine produced and how does it leave the kidneys? - (answer)Produced: collected by minor
calyces (joins together to make a major calyx)
Leaves: leave the kidneys through the ureter and passes into the urinary bladder for storage
-leave the animal though the urethra
What are the three main transport process in the nephron? - (answer)1. Glomerular filtration: blood
goes from the glomerulus into the nephron
2. Tubular reabsorption: filtrate from the nephron to the rest of the body via peritubular capillaries
3. Tubular secretion: from peritubular capillaries to nephron space
Glomerular filtration - (answer)Blood passes from glomerulus INTO nephron
Tubular reabsorption - (answer)The tissues re absorb what is in the nephron
- nephron to the rest of the body through the peritubular capillaries
Tubular secretion - (answer)Tissues secrete blood from peritubular capillaries into the nephron space
What is the structure of the nephron? - (answer)Exists mainly within the renal correct or writhing the
renal medulla
- cortical nephrons: 85% of our nephrons, short loops of henle (perform most of the resorptive and
secretory functions of the kidney)
- juxtamedullary nephron: 15% of our nephrons, long oops of henle (important in producing
concentrated urine, since the long loops give more opportunity for absorption)
Nephron flow of fluid ** - (answer)1. Renal corpuscle: production of filtrate (where filtration happens,
blood from glomerulus enters nephron)
