PNB 2265 PRACTICAL 2 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

PNB 2265 PRACTICAL 2 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 alveoli - Answers where does gas exchange occur emphysema - Answers a pathological condition characterized by destruction of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli tuberculosis - Answers the result of fibrous scar tissue formation; destruction of alveoli spirometry - Answers a method to experimentally determine pulmonary functions PCO2, HCO3 - Answers blood pH level is regulated by controlling ___ and ___ levels high PCO2 - Answers respiratory acidosis results from excess CO2 in inspired air, decreased alveolar ventilation, increased production of CO2 - Answers respiratory acidosis causes (3) hypercatabolic disorders - Answers increased production of CO2 caused by central respiratory depression, nerve/muscle disorders, lung/chest defects, airway obstructions - Answers decreased alveolar ventilation caused by (4) reduced PCO2 - Answers respiratory alkalosis results from increased alveolar ventilation, hypoxaemia, pulmonary abnormalities, lactogenic effects on ventilation - Answers causes of respiratory alkalosis (4) 7.35 - Answers acidosis pH 7.35 - Answers alkalosis pH metabolic alkalosis - Answers pH7.35, HCO3 26 respiratory alkalosis - Answers pH 7.35, PCO2 35 respiratory (PCO2 45) - Answers metabolic alkalosis leads to ___ compensation renal (HCO3 22) - Answers respiratory alkalosis leads to ___ compensation metabolic acidosis - Answers pH 7.35, HCO3 22 respiratory acidosis - Answers pH 7.35, PCO2 45 respiratory (PCO2 35) - Answers metabolic acidosis leads to ___ compensation renal (HCO3 26) - Answers respiratory acidosis leads to __ compensation 35-45 - Answers normal range for PCO2 22-26 - Answers normal range for HCO3 peristalsis - Answers propel contents of GI tract segmentation - Answers mix contents of GI tract slow wave potential (phasic AP firing) - Answers pacemaker cells of GI tract create acetylcholine - Answers parasympathetic innervation of GI tract, binds to M2 receptor histamine - Answers paracrine hormone of GI tract Nifedipine - Answers calcium channel blocker of GI tract passive transport - Answers no energy input, down concentration gradient active transport - Answers requires energy, against concentration gradient sodium potassium pump - Answers primary active transport example sodium glucose cotransporter - Answers secondary active transport example glucose transporter - Answers facilitated diffusion example filtration - Answers bulk flow of protein free plasma from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space reabsorption - Answers back into blood, materials to be retained (vitamins, amino acids, glucose, etc) secretion - Answers transport of materials into tubule for excretion urinalysis - Answers physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine, used to detect disease states, kidney dysfunction, urinary tract infections respiratory/metabolic acidosis, type 1 diabetes, diarrhea, starvation - Answers low pH indicates (4) respiratory/metabolic alkalosis, urinary tract infection, vegetarian diet - Answers high pH indicates (3) distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct - Answers changes in pH are due to activities where? (2) urine osmolarity - Answers specific gravity is proportional to 1.002-1.035 - Answers normal specific gravity range ketones - Answers provide an alternate source of energy during prolonged fasting/starvation Rothera's reagent - Answers test for ketones using exton's reagent - Answers test for proteins using refractometer - Answers test for specific gravity using Hypersthenuria - Answers elevated osmolarity, caused by diabetes mellitus, dehydration, acute nephritis hyposthenuria - Answers low specific gravity, caused by chronic nephritis and diabetes insipidus diabetes mellitus, hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, strenous physical exercise, emotional stress, infections, pregnancy, prolonged exposure to cold - Answers proteinuria caused by (8) diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, nephritis - Answers glycosuria caused by (3) clinitest and benedict's reagant - Answers test for glucose using spermatogonia - Answers Diploid germ cells that continuously produce sperm, beginning at puberty. Lie along outermost part of tubule, furthest away from lumen primary spermatocytes - Answers Closer toward lumen, larger round nuclei, chromosomes. Extended prophase off first mitotic division secondary spermatocytes - Answers rarely seen, undergo second mitosis to become spermatids spermatids - Answers Closer to lumen, various stages of differentiation. Smaller, denser nuclei, assume shape of sperm heads sertoli cells - Answers Supporter cells, non-dividing. Large nuclei, relatively pale, irregular shape. Near lumen leydig cells - Answers Testosterone producing cells of testes. Spaces between seminiferous tubules theca cells - Answers secrete estrogen primordial follicles - Answers form in ovaries prior to birth antrum - Answers distinguishing feature of secondary follicle increased bone and muscle mass, facial/body hair, thickening of vocal folds resulting in lowering of the voice - Answers secondary sex characteristics (3) inspiration - Answers occurs when alveolar pressure is lower than atmosphere pressure. Thoracic volume increases when diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. expiration - Answers Occurs When pressure in alveloli is higher than atmospheric forced vital capacity - Answers The total amount of air a person can exhale forced expiratory volume - Answers The amount of air a person can exhale in one second. 0.8 - Answers FEV/FVC should equal obstructive pulmonary disease - Answers Increased airway resistance, decreased airflow. (FEV1 decreases but FVC stays the same: ratio is less than 0.7) asthma, COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis - Answers examples of obstructive pulmonary disease (4) restrictive pulmonary disease - Answers decreased lung or thoracic compliance, decreased volume (both FEV1 and FVC decrease) pulmonary fibrosis, ALS - Answers examples of restrictive pulmonary disease (2) compliance - Answers ability of lung to stretch elastance - Answers ability of lung to recoil after stretch fibrosis - Answers low compliance emphysema - Answers high compliance alveolar damage, widening of alveoli, thickening of walls, loss of elastic tissue - Answers emphysema characteristics (4) fibrous scar tissue, destruction of alveoli - Answers tuberculosis characteristics (2) acidosis, right, decreasing - Answers inhaling excessive CO@ causes respiratory ___ and causes the reaction to shift left/right, increasing/decreasing pH acidosis (air flow decreased) - Answers are obstructive pulmonary diseases (emphysema, bronchitis) examples of alkalosis or acidosis alkalosis (air flow increased) - Answers what happens in hypoxia, anxiety, fear, excessive exercise with pH and and Pa CO2 drowsiness, disorientation, dizziness, headaches, coma, low pH, high PCO2 - Answers signs of obstructive pulmonary diseases (7) lethargy, confusion, nausea, vomiting, hyperventilation, high pH, low PCO2 - Answers signs of hypoxia/anxiety/excessive exercise (7) respiratory acidosis (higher breathing rate) - Answers hypoventilation (breathing in bag) is an example of simple columnar, goblet - Answers LI is lined with ___ epithelium and ___ cells hepatocytes, enzymatic fat digestion - Answers bile is secreted from ___. Bile salts facilitate what? acinar - Answers these cells secrete digestive enzymes in the pancreas islet - Answers these cells secrete glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin in pancreas random - Answers Smooth muscle has ___ arrangement of actin and myosin gap junctions - Answers gut smooth muscle cells connected by autorhythmicity - Answers basic electrical rhythm seen in certain regions (slow wave potentials) of