PNB 2265 LAB QUIZ 6 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Spirometry - Answers Technique that measures the volume and flow of air during breathing
Purpose of spirometry - Answers Assess lung function and diagnose respiratory diseases
Spirometer - Answers Device that records airflow and converts it to volume
How spirometry measures volume - Answers Integration of airflow over time
Why nose clip is used - Answers Forces all air through mouthpiece for accurate measurement
Why zeroing is important - Answers Prevents baseline drift and ensures accurate volume readings
If not zeroed - Answers Volume measurements will be inaccurate
Flow signal direction - Answers Downward deflection = expiration
Tidal Volume (VT) - Answers Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - Answers Additional air inhaled after normal inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - Answers Additional air exhaled after normal expiration
Residual Volume (RV) - Answers Air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation (cannot be measured
directly)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) - Answers VT + IRV
Expiratory Capacity (EC) - Answers VT + ERV
Vital Capacity (VC) - Answers IRV + ERV + VT
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) - Answers ERV + RV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) - Answers VC + RV
Expired Minute Volume (VE) - Answers VT × breathing rate
Breathing rate (RR) - Answers Number of breaths per minute
Peak Inspiratory Flow (PIF) - Answers Maximum airflow during inspiration (most positive value)
Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) - Answers Maximum airflow during expiration (most negative value)
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) - Answers Total volume exhaled forcefully after maximal inhalation
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEV1) - Answers Volume exhaled in first second of FVC
Normal FEV1/FVC ratio - Answers ~80%
Low FEV1/FVC (<80%) - Answers Obstructive disease (COPD, asthma)
Normal ratio but low volumes - Answers Restrictive disease
Obstructive disease - Answers Increased airway resistance → decreased airflow
Restrictive disease - Answers Decreased lung expansion → reduced volumes
Respiratory acidosis - Answers Decreased pH due to increased CO2
Cause of respiratory acidosis - Answers Hypoventilation
CO2 effect - Answers CO2 + H2O → carbonic acid → lowers pH
Respiratory alkalosis - Answers Increased pH due to decreased CO2
Cause of respiratory alkalosis - Answers Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation effect - Answers Blows off CO2 → increases pH
Paper bag breathing - Answers Increases CO2 → causes respiratory acidosis
Use of paper bag - Answers Treat hyperventilation (panic attack)
Normal blood pH - Answers 7.35-7.45
Acidosis - Answers pH < 7.35
Alkalosis - Answers pH > 7.45
Normal PCO2 - Answers ~40 mmHg
High PCO2 (>45) - Answers Acidosis
Low PCO2 (<35) - Answers Alkalosis
Normal HCO3- - Answers ~24 mEq/L
High HCO3- - Answers Metabolic alkalosis
Low HCO3- - Answers Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory disorders - Answers Caused by changes in CO2
Metabolic disorders - Answers Caused by changes in bicarbonate
Case - Answers pH 7.48, CO2 30, HCO3 normal : Respiratory alkalosis
Upper respiratory tract - Answers Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
Lower respiratory tract - Answers Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Conducting zone - Answers Moves air, no gas exchange
Respiratory zone - Answers Site of gas exchange (alveoli)
Alveoli - Answers Small air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Alveoli lining - Answers Simple squamous epithelium
Spirometry - Answers Technique that measures the volume and flow of air during breathing
Purpose of spirometry - Answers Assess lung function and diagnose respiratory diseases
Spirometer - Answers Device that records airflow and converts it to volume
How spirometry measures volume - Answers Integration of airflow over time
Why nose clip is used - Answers Forces all air through mouthpiece for accurate measurement
Why zeroing is important - Answers Prevents baseline drift and ensures accurate volume readings
If not zeroed - Answers Volume measurements will be inaccurate
Flow signal direction - Answers Downward deflection = expiration
Tidal Volume (VT) - Answers Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - Answers Additional air inhaled after normal inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - Answers Additional air exhaled after normal expiration
Residual Volume (RV) - Answers Air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation (cannot be measured
directly)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) - Answers VT + IRV
Expiratory Capacity (EC) - Answers VT + ERV
Vital Capacity (VC) - Answers IRV + ERV + VT
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) - Answers ERV + RV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) - Answers VC + RV
Expired Minute Volume (VE) - Answers VT × breathing rate
Breathing rate (RR) - Answers Number of breaths per minute
Peak Inspiratory Flow (PIF) - Answers Maximum airflow during inspiration (most positive value)
Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) - Answers Maximum airflow during expiration (most negative value)
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) - Answers Total volume exhaled forcefully after maximal inhalation
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEV1) - Answers Volume exhaled in first second of FVC
Normal FEV1/FVC ratio - Answers ~80%
Low FEV1/FVC (<80%) - Answers Obstructive disease (COPD, asthma)
Normal ratio but low volumes - Answers Restrictive disease
Obstructive disease - Answers Increased airway resistance → decreased airflow
Restrictive disease - Answers Decreased lung expansion → reduced volumes
Respiratory acidosis - Answers Decreased pH due to increased CO2
Cause of respiratory acidosis - Answers Hypoventilation
CO2 effect - Answers CO2 + H2O → carbonic acid → lowers pH
Respiratory alkalosis - Answers Increased pH due to decreased CO2
Cause of respiratory alkalosis - Answers Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation effect - Answers Blows off CO2 → increases pH
Paper bag breathing - Answers Increases CO2 → causes respiratory acidosis
Use of paper bag - Answers Treat hyperventilation (panic attack)
Normal blood pH - Answers 7.35-7.45
Acidosis - Answers pH < 7.35
Alkalosis - Answers pH > 7.45
Normal PCO2 - Answers ~40 mmHg
High PCO2 (>45) - Answers Acidosis
Low PCO2 (<35) - Answers Alkalosis
Normal HCO3- - Answers ~24 mEq/L
High HCO3- - Answers Metabolic alkalosis
Low HCO3- - Answers Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory disorders - Answers Caused by changes in CO2
Metabolic disorders - Answers Caused by changes in bicarbonate
Case - Answers pH 7.48, CO2 30, HCO3 normal : Respiratory alkalosis
Upper respiratory tract - Answers Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
Lower respiratory tract - Answers Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Conducting zone - Answers Moves air, no gas exchange
Respiratory zone - Answers Site of gas exchange (alveoli)
Alveoli - Answers Small air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Alveoli lining - Answers Simple squamous epithelium
