PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
EXAM SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉CRH: Corticotropin-releasing hormone. Answer: -Synth in
hypothalmus
-stims corticotroph cells in anterior pit to synth ACTH
ACTH
-affects zona fasiculata and zona reticulris of adrenal gland
-stims secretio of cortisol and andogens
-90% of circulating corisol travels bound to specific crotisteroid-
binding protein called TRANCORTIN
-7% is bound to albuin
-3% free
◉Cortisol Action. Answer: -All nucleated cells of the body contain
recpetors of glucocortinoids
,-"free" cortisol transveres lipid bilayer of cells and can bind w/
intracellular glucocotinoid receptors (GR)
-[GR] varies depending on cell type
◉Cortisol Effects on Metabolism. Answer: Nocturnal Surges in
secretion of Cortisol
-support gluconeogenisis, lipolysis, and ketogensis during ON fast
Mobilizes Muscle Protein
-aka breakdown to release amino acids
-supports gluconeo by inhibiting protein synth
Critical in maintaining blood glucose
◉Cortisol Effects on Other Tissue. Answer: -Maintain Blood Pressure
-maintain vascular responsivness
-stim glomerular filtrationn rate
-proper functioning pf nervous system
-fetal development of CNS
◉Elevated Cortisol. Answer: -Insulin Resistance
-Increased appetiee
, -promotes lipid synth
-permissive effects can lead to hyperglycemia
-inhibits bone formation by inihibitng synth of collagen
◉Thyroid. Answer: Cuboidal epithelial cells (follicular cells) from
circular follicle filled with colloid (protein rich liquid medium)
Thyroglobulin
-synth in ER of follicle cell, processed by golgi, secreted into lumen of
follicle
-precursor to thyorid hormone
-has tyrosine residues witherre Iodinen will attach to synth thyroid
hormone
◉TSH. Answer: Stims all processes needed to make T3/T4
◉Variations in Secretion. Answer: Sleep-wake Cycle
-GH varies w/in 24hr sleep-wake cycle
-HIGHER in early stages of sleep
Sex Differences
EXAM SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉CRH: Corticotropin-releasing hormone. Answer: -Synth in
hypothalmus
-stims corticotroph cells in anterior pit to synth ACTH
ACTH
-affects zona fasiculata and zona reticulris of adrenal gland
-stims secretio of cortisol and andogens
-90% of circulating corisol travels bound to specific crotisteroid-
binding protein called TRANCORTIN
-7% is bound to albuin
-3% free
◉Cortisol Action. Answer: -All nucleated cells of the body contain
recpetors of glucocortinoids
,-"free" cortisol transveres lipid bilayer of cells and can bind w/
intracellular glucocotinoid receptors (GR)
-[GR] varies depending on cell type
◉Cortisol Effects on Metabolism. Answer: Nocturnal Surges in
secretion of Cortisol
-support gluconeogenisis, lipolysis, and ketogensis during ON fast
Mobilizes Muscle Protein
-aka breakdown to release amino acids
-supports gluconeo by inhibiting protein synth
Critical in maintaining blood glucose
◉Cortisol Effects on Other Tissue. Answer: -Maintain Blood Pressure
-maintain vascular responsivness
-stim glomerular filtrationn rate
-proper functioning pf nervous system
-fetal development of CNS
◉Elevated Cortisol. Answer: -Insulin Resistance
-Increased appetiee
, -promotes lipid synth
-permissive effects can lead to hyperglycemia
-inhibits bone formation by inihibitng synth of collagen
◉Thyroid. Answer: Cuboidal epithelial cells (follicular cells) from
circular follicle filled with colloid (protein rich liquid medium)
Thyroglobulin
-synth in ER of follicle cell, processed by golgi, secreted into lumen of
follicle
-precursor to thyorid hormone
-has tyrosine residues witherre Iodinen will attach to synth thyroid
hormone
◉TSH. Answer: Stims all processes needed to make T3/T4
◉Variations in Secretion. Answer: Sleep-wake Cycle
-GH varies w/in 24hr sleep-wake cycle
-HIGHER in early stages of sleep
Sex Differences
