Answer Key
Chapter 2
1. Bivariate regression
2. One-way MANOVA
3. T-test of independent samples
4. Bivariate correlation
5. Discriminant Analysis
6. One-way ANCOVA
7. One-way MANCOVA
8. Multiple regression
9. One-way ANOVA
10. Two-way MANOVA
11. Logistic regression
12. Two-way ANOVA
13. Factor Analysis
Chapter 3
Output for Exercise 3.1.
1a. There are no
missing values for either variable.
1b. Peduc2 has a large split in that n=121 (77%)
with a master’s degree and n=36 (23%) with a post-master’s degree. However, it is not extreme
(90/10).
1c. Boxplots identify two outliers (cases 38 and 40) for the post-master’s group in Humility.
1d. Normality may be assumed as tests of normality are not significant. No transformation is necessary.
1e. Homogeneity of variances is not assumed since Levene’s is significant (p = .021)
1f. Remove the outliers for the post-master’s group, where HumilityMean < 3.0. This may improve
homoscedasticity. The authors did NOT conduct this transformation.
,Output for Exercise 3.2.
2a. There are no missing data. The box plots do not identify an outliers. However, since normality is
violated for HumilityMean and MLQMean, we will examine the histograms to identify extreme
values. Histograms do not reveal extreme outliers. No transformations will be made at this time.
2b. Chi-square criteria for three quantitative variables (df = 3) at p = .001 is 2 = 16.266. The box plot of
multivariate outliers for Mahalanobis distance identifies two values that exceed 16.266. Use select
cases.
2c. Scatter plot matrix indicates no curvilineary. Linearity will be assumed. Plots are fairly elliptical.
Normality will be assumed.
2d. Residuals plot shows not extreme clustering. Homoscedasticity will be assumed.
, Chapter 4
Output for Exercise 4.1
1a. RQ1: Does principal gender and level of education significantly interact on Self-Awareness?
RQ2: Is there a difference in Self-Awareness between female and male principals?
RQ3: Is there a difference in Self-Awareness between principals with a master’s degree and post-
master’s degree?
1b. The line plot shows no interaction.
1c. Males score higher than females, but it may not be significant.
1d. Post-masters score higher than Master’s. The difference is sizable and is likely significant.
Output for Exercise 4.2
Chapter 2
1. Bivariate regression
2. One-way MANOVA
3. T-test of independent samples
4. Bivariate correlation
5. Discriminant Analysis
6. One-way ANCOVA
7. One-way MANCOVA
8. Multiple regression
9. One-way ANOVA
10. Two-way MANOVA
11. Logistic regression
12. Two-way ANOVA
13. Factor Analysis
Chapter 3
Output for Exercise 3.1.
1a. There are no
missing values for either variable.
1b. Peduc2 has a large split in that n=121 (77%)
with a master’s degree and n=36 (23%) with a post-master’s degree. However, it is not extreme
(90/10).
1c. Boxplots identify two outliers (cases 38 and 40) for the post-master’s group in Humility.
1d. Normality may be assumed as tests of normality are not significant. No transformation is necessary.
1e. Homogeneity of variances is not assumed since Levene’s is significant (p = .021)
1f. Remove the outliers for the post-master’s group, where HumilityMean < 3.0. This may improve
homoscedasticity. The authors did NOT conduct this transformation.
,Output for Exercise 3.2.
2a. There are no missing data. The box plots do not identify an outliers. However, since normality is
violated for HumilityMean and MLQMean, we will examine the histograms to identify extreme
values. Histograms do not reveal extreme outliers. No transformations will be made at this time.
2b. Chi-square criteria for three quantitative variables (df = 3) at p = .001 is 2 = 16.266. The box plot of
multivariate outliers for Mahalanobis distance identifies two values that exceed 16.266. Use select
cases.
2c. Scatter plot matrix indicates no curvilineary. Linearity will be assumed. Plots are fairly elliptical.
Normality will be assumed.
2d. Residuals plot shows not extreme clustering. Homoscedasticity will be assumed.
, Chapter 4
Output for Exercise 4.1
1a. RQ1: Does principal gender and level of education significantly interact on Self-Awareness?
RQ2: Is there a difference in Self-Awareness between female and male principals?
RQ3: Is there a difference in Self-Awareness between principals with a master’s degree and post-
master’s degree?
1b. The line plot shows no interaction.
1c. Males score higher than females, but it may not be significant.
1d. Post-masters score higher than Master’s. The difference is sizable and is likely significant.
Output for Exercise 4.2
