Exam 3 BIOS 1310
Nasal Cavity Anatomy (photo)
directs air into 6
passageways/meatuses
(splits airstream to
What are Nasal Conchae make it swirl)
Functions: Warming,
Better sense of smell,
Traps particles
Nasopharynx
What are the three parts of Pharynx (Throat Anatomy
Oropharynx
photo)
laryngopharynx
What is Uvula Produces thin mucus that lubricates pharnyx
vocal cords; when
they vibrate they
produce sound
Larynx contains what two main structures, what do
Epiglottis; closes
they do?
during swallowing
(blocks food from
going in airway)
C-shaped cartilages:
hold open Trachea
Mucous glands, and
Tracheal has what cartilage? gland? epithelium?
pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
Right Lung: 3 lobes
(sup, mid, inf lobe)
Difference between Lungs Left Lung: 2 lobes
(Apex and Base;
cardiac notch)
, Site of entrance and
What is the hilum exit in lungs for blood
vessels and bronchi
branching system of air tubes
Trachea → Main bronchi (each lung) → Lobar
Bronchi (each lobe) → Segmental bronchi
Bronchial Tree and the breakdown of your airway? (more branches) → Bronchioles → terminal
bronchioles (smallest conducting) →
respiratory bronchiole → alveolar duct
(cluster of air sac) → alveoli (indiv. air sac)
Site of exchange with many capillaries
Alveoli do what?
surrounding
Trachea to terminal bronchioles
Conducting Zone, ____-______, function?
Conducts the air and has no gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
Respiratory Zone, ______-________, function?
Site of exchange
Found in lungs and bronchi + bronchioles
Where can you find Elastic Connective Tissue in Contains elastin fibers
respiratory system? made of? what does it do? Stretches with inhalation and during elastic
recoil (unstretched) it expels air
NOT on main bronchi and bronchioles
Where can you find overlapping plates/cartliage,
Found on all other bronchi
made of what cartliage?
contains hyaline cartliage
Controls diameter of airways and protects
Smooth muscle found on Bronchioles does what? lung and body from inhaled irritants or
toxins
When smooth muscle
of bronchioles
spasms/constricts,
What is a Bronchospasm causes excess mucus
Caused by asthma,
allergies, chemical
fumes
Alveoli cells contains what epithelium and cells Simple Squamous Epithelium
Squamous Alvelolar Cells—flat for
gas exchange
“Type I pneumocytes”
, Great Alveolar Cells—produces
surfactant + not flat
“Type II pneumocytes”
Substance that reduces surface tension of
What does surfactant do? liquid that that it is dissolved in
Prevents collapse of alveoli in lungs
Squamous alveolar cells + basement
What is comprised of Respiratory membrane, why is membrane + capillary endothelial cells
it very thin?
Thin for gas diffusion
Phagocytize of inhaled debris (stuff not
Alveolar Macrophages / Dust Cells
trapped in mucus)
Inspiration is breathing ___ and Expiration is
in; out
breathing ___
What is breathing like in Quiet Respiration Involuntary, relaxed breathing
Deep and rapid
What is breathing like in Forced Respiration Involuntary: exercise or coughing
Voluntary: yelling
Inspiration causes muscles to do what? create vacuum inside lungs
increased pressure inside the
Expiration causes…. Inspiration causes pressure to do
lungs; decreased pressure
what?
inside of lungs
What is the prime mover of respiration? Diaphragm; ribs and sternum
Supplemental movers in respiration? What muscles and any pressure that
do inspiration and expiration? increased abdominal pressure
Used in medicine as an external pressure to inflate
lungs
Ventilators
endotracheal tube connected to air pump
Nasogastric tube for food
78% Nitrogen
20.9% of Oxygen
Composition of Air
0.03% Carbon Dioxide
Argon and other gases ~1.07%
Equilibrium Rate of dissolution = rate of release
, Bicarbonate Buffering System…(photo) 4 equilibria
Max dissolved solute/solubility
Saturation is..? Influenced by?
Influenced by temp and pressure
Pressure is commonly measured as _______ mm Hg (MERCURY)
mixtures of gases
Total pressure = sum of pressures of
Dalton’s Law is used for… individual gases
Partial pressure…part of gas that
makes up a sum of gas
Dissolved Gas Gradient (photo overview) idk man
Hemoglobin carries blood
Contains 4 hemes → each heme
How is O2 carried in blood, % where it’s found in diff binds one O2
areas? 1.5% of O2 is dissolved in plasma
98.5% is bound to Hb, which greatly
increases O2 solubility
90% in form of H2CO2 and
HCO3
5% dissolved in plasma
5% binds to proteins
How is CO2 carried in blood
Carbamino
compounds and
Carbaminohemoglobin
(HbCO2)
Carbonic anhydrase
(enzyme)
How does CO2 load in RBCs
CO2 + H2O
←> H2CO3
Nasal Cavity Anatomy (photo)
directs air into 6
passageways/meatuses
(splits airstream to
What are Nasal Conchae make it swirl)
Functions: Warming,
Better sense of smell,
Traps particles
Nasopharynx
What are the three parts of Pharynx (Throat Anatomy
Oropharynx
photo)
laryngopharynx
What is Uvula Produces thin mucus that lubricates pharnyx
vocal cords; when
they vibrate they
produce sound
Larynx contains what two main structures, what do
Epiglottis; closes
they do?
during swallowing
(blocks food from
going in airway)
C-shaped cartilages:
hold open Trachea
Mucous glands, and
Tracheal has what cartilage? gland? epithelium?
pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
Right Lung: 3 lobes
(sup, mid, inf lobe)
Difference between Lungs Left Lung: 2 lobes
(Apex and Base;
cardiac notch)
, Site of entrance and
What is the hilum exit in lungs for blood
vessels and bronchi
branching system of air tubes
Trachea → Main bronchi (each lung) → Lobar
Bronchi (each lobe) → Segmental bronchi
Bronchial Tree and the breakdown of your airway? (more branches) → Bronchioles → terminal
bronchioles (smallest conducting) →
respiratory bronchiole → alveolar duct
(cluster of air sac) → alveoli (indiv. air sac)
Site of exchange with many capillaries
Alveoli do what?
surrounding
Trachea to terminal bronchioles
Conducting Zone, ____-______, function?
Conducts the air and has no gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
Respiratory Zone, ______-________, function?
Site of exchange
Found in lungs and bronchi + bronchioles
Where can you find Elastic Connective Tissue in Contains elastin fibers
respiratory system? made of? what does it do? Stretches with inhalation and during elastic
recoil (unstretched) it expels air
NOT on main bronchi and bronchioles
Where can you find overlapping plates/cartliage,
Found on all other bronchi
made of what cartliage?
contains hyaline cartliage
Controls diameter of airways and protects
Smooth muscle found on Bronchioles does what? lung and body from inhaled irritants or
toxins
When smooth muscle
of bronchioles
spasms/constricts,
What is a Bronchospasm causes excess mucus
Caused by asthma,
allergies, chemical
fumes
Alveoli cells contains what epithelium and cells Simple Squamous Epithelium
Squamous Alvelolar Cells—flat for
gas exchange
“Type I pneumocytes”
, Great Alveolar Cells—produces
surfactant + not flat
“Type II pneumocytes”
Substance that reduces surface tension of
What does surfactant do? liquid that that it is dissolved in
Prevents collapse of alveoli in lungs
Squamous alveolar cells + basement
What is comprised of Respiratory membrane, why is membrane + capillary endothelial cells
it very thin?
Thin for gas diffusion
Phagocytize of inhaled debris (stuff not
Alveolar Macrophages / Dust Cells
trapped in mucus)
Inspiration is breathing ___ and Expiration is
in; out
breathing ___
What is breathing like in Quiet Respiration Involuntary, relaxed breathing
Deep and rapid
What is breathing like in Forced Respiration Involuntary: exercise or coughing
Voluntary: yelling
Inspiration causes muscles to do what? create vacuum inside lungs
increased pressure inside the
Expiration causes…. Inspiration causes pressure to do
lungs; decreased pressure
what?
inside of lungs
What is the prime mover of respiration? Diaphragm; ribs and sternum
Supplemental movers in respiration? What muscles and any pressure that
do inspiration and expiration? increased abdominal pressure
Used in medicine as an external pressure to inflate
lungs
Ventilators
endotracheal tube connected to air pump
Nasogastric tube for food
78% Nitrogen
20.9% of Oxygen
Composition of Air
0.03% Carbon Dioxide
Argon and other gases ~1.07%
Equilibrium Rate of dissolution = rate of release
, Bicarbonate Buffering System…(photo) 4 equilibria
Max dissolved solute/solubility
Saturation is..? Influenced by?
Influenced by temp and pressure
Pressure is commonly measured as _______ mm Hg (MERCURY)
mixtures of gases
Total pressure = sum of pressures of
Dalton’s Law is used for… individual gases
Partial pressure…part of gas that
makes up a sum of gas
Dissolved Gas Gradient (photo overview) idk man
Hemoglobin carries blood
Contains 4 hemes → each heme
How is O2 carried in blood, % where it’s found in diff binds one O2
areas? 1.5% of O2 is dissolved in plasma
98.5% is bound to Hb, which greatly
increases O2 solubility
90% in form of H2CO2 and
HCO3
5% dissolved in plasma
5% binds to proteins
How is CO2 carried in blood
Carbamino
compounds and
Carbaminohemoglobin
(HbCO2)
Carbonic anhydrase
(enzyme)
How does CO2 load in RBCs
CO2 + H2O
←> H2CO3
