Laboratory Manual – Biology 2297
Spring 2026
1
,2
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
Laboratory Rules - Biology 2297 5
Laboratory Notebook 8
Laboratory Reports 9
Agreement to write independently 10
Laboratory Report Format 12
How to write a Methods section 15
Sample Laboratory Reports 16
Chromosomes in Mitosis 21
Meiosis 22
General Rules for Drosophila Experiments 24
Drosophila melanogaster Adult Morphology 25
The Life Cycle of Drosophila 30
Life History of Drosophila 33
Use of CO2 as Anesthesia 35
Cross I: Segregation/Independent Assortment 36
Sex Limited Inheritance in Drosophila (Supplemental Reading) 38
Corn Life Cycle 43
Epistasis in Corn 44
Linked Genes in Corn 48
Neurospora Life Cycle 52
Sordaria Life Cycle 53
3
, TITLE PAGE
Ordered Tetrads in Sordaria 54
Chromosomes and Karyotypes 59
Dilutions 65
Bacteria - A Quick Look 67
How to Use a Conversion Factor to Aid in Titering A Bacterial Culture 68
Titration of Bacterial Virus and Measurement of Its Reversion Rate 72
Recombination in Bacteriophage 77
Metabolic Pathways 86
Supplemental Reading for Metabolic Pathways 94
Induction of β-Galactosidase 96
Introduction to Molecular Biology Techniques 103
Examination by the Polymerase Chain Reaction of a Single-Nucleotide
Polymorphism in the Gene for a Bitter Taste Receptor 118
Human Single Gene Traits 129
Appendices – The Spectrophotometer - Background Material 136
Construction and Use of a Standard Graph 139
Chi-Square Test 141
Table 1: Table of contents
4
Spring 2026
1
,2
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
Laboratory Rules - Biology 2297 5
Laboratory Notebook 8
Laboratory Reports 9
Agreement to write independently 10
Laboratory Report Format 12
How to write a Methods section 15
Sample Laboratory Reports 16
Chromosomes in Mitosis 21
Meiosis 22
General Rules for Drosophila Experiments 24
Drosophila melanogaster Adult Morphology 25
The Life Cycle of Drosophila 30
Life History of Drosophila 33
Use of CO2 as Anesthesia 35
Cross I: Segregation/Independent Assortment 36
Sex Limited Inheritance in Drosophila (Supplemental Reading) 38
Corn Life Cycle 43
Epistasis in Corn 44
Linked Genes in Corn 48
Neurospora Life Cycle 52
Sordaria Life Cycle 53
3
, TITLE PAGE
Ordered Tetrads in Sordaria 54
Chromosomes and Karyotypes 59
Dilutions 65
Bacteria - A Quick Look 67
How to Use a Conversion Factor to Aid in Titering A Bacterial Culture 68
Titration of Bacterial Virus and Measurement of Its Reversion Rate 72
Recombination in Bacteriophage 77
Metabolic Pathways 86
Supplemental Reading for Metabolic Pathways 94
Induction of β-Galactosidase 96
Introduction to Molecular Biology Techniques 103
Examination by the Polymerase Chain Reaction of a Single-Nucleotide
Polymorphism in the Gene for a Bitter Taste Receptor 118
Human Single Gene Traits 129
Appendices – The Spectrophotometer - Background Material 136
Construction and Use of a Standard Graph 139
Chi-Square Test 141
Table 1: Table of contents
4
