NSG550 STUDY GUIDE 2026 MASTER
SOLUTION DIGEST
◉low c-peptide levels indicate. Answer: not enough insulin type 1
◉Diabetes Autoantibody Panel. Answer: type 1 diabetes
◉HGB A1C levels indicating diabetes. Answer: above 6.5%=diabetic
5.7-6.5%=prediabetic
fasting glucose >126=diabetic
plasma glucose >200mg for regular glucose check=diabetic
◉diabetes diagnoses. Answer: must use more than one test
hgba1c not always available
◉Glucose (postprandial). Answer: after meal to determine insulin
usage
, ◉Insulin assay. Answer: assess beta cell function
◉lactic acid. Answer: Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of
pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that
glycolysis can continue. A rise in lactic acid usually accompanies an
increase in physical activity.
◉elevated lactate. Answer: insufficient perfusion and O2 delivery
shock anemia heart failure
liver disease
kidney
CAN BE ELEVATED IN EXERCISE
◉high osmolality. Answer: concentrated fluid/too little water,
dehydration
CVA
DI
hypernatremia
◉Prolactin. Answer: stimulates milk production
SOLUTION DIGEST
◉low c-peptide levels indicate. Answer: not enough insulin type 1
◉Diabetes Autoantibody Panel. Answer: type 1 diabetes
◉HGB A1C levels indicating diabetes. Answer: above 6.5%=diabetic
5.7-6.5%=prediabetic
fasting glucose >126=diabetic
plasma glucose >200mg for regular glucose check=diabetic
◉diabetes diagnoses. Answer: must use more than one test
hgba1c not always available
◉Glucose (postprandial). Answer: after meal to determine insulin
usage
, ◉Insulin assay. Answer: assess beta cell function
◉lactic acid. Answer: Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of
pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that
glycolysis can continue. A rise in lactic acid usually accompanies an
increase in physical activity.
◉elevated lactate. Answer: insufficient perfusion and O2 delivery
shock anemia heart failure
liver disease
kidney
CAN BE ELEVATED IN EXERCISE
◉high osmolality. Answer: concentrated fluid/too little water,
dehydration
CVA
DI
hypernatremia
◉Prolactin. Answer: stimulates milk production
