NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TEST
BANK 2026 FULL SOLUTION EXAM REVIEW
GRADED A+
◉ pityriasis rosea. Answer: A common skin problem that causes a rash.
Occurs at any age that most often in ages of 10 and 35. It may be caused
by a virus
◉ pityriasis rosea observation. Answer: The rash often begins with a
single, round or oval, pink patch that is scaly with a raised border (herald
patch). The size of the patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.) to 10 cm (3.9
in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks later, salmon-
colored, 1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval patches appear in batches
on the abdomen, chest, back, arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread
to the neck but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form a "Christmas
tree" or "fir tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who get the rash.
The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to several months.
◉ pityriasis rosea diagnosis. Answer: Your doctor will diagnose
pityriasis rosea by looking at the rash. Diagnosis can be hard when only
the herald patch is visible, because the condition is often mistaken for
,ringworm or eczema at this time. After the rash appears, diagnosis is
generally clear.
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide
(KOH) test to make sure the rash is not caused by a fungal infection. A
skin sample may be taken from the infected area and examined under the
microscope (biopsy). If the diagnosis is unclear in a sexually active
person, a test for syphilis is often done.
◉ pityriasis rosea treatment. Answer: There is no treatment necessary. It
will last for several weeks. The patient may use lotions. A corticosteroid
may be used to relieve itching and reduce the rash
◉ Innate immunity. Answer: The natural epithelial barrier that offers
resistance. In outer layer specialized epithelium, including the skin and
mucosal services, is relatively resistant to most environmental hazards
and resistant infection with disease causing microorganisms. If the
barrier is damaged a highly efficient local and systemic response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of the damage, protect
against infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
◉ Adaptive immunity. Answer: Inflammation associated with infection
usually initiates an adaptive process that results in a long-term and very
effective immunity to the infecting microorganism, Adaptive immunity
is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly targets
and eradicates a second infection with a particular disease-causing
microorganism. The information presented in this chapter introduces
,◉ Inflammatory response. Answer: Innate immunity includes two lines
of defense: natural barriers and inflammation (Table 7-1). Natural
barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body's
surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the
environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the
surface barriers are breached, the second line of defense, the
inflammatory response, is activated to protect the body from further
injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing. The
inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical and cellular
processes that is relatively nonspecific, with similar responses being
initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
◉ Overview of human defenses. Answer: CHARACTERISTICS
BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE
(ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY Level of defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the
cells of adaptive immunity Timing of defense
Constant Immediate response
Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response;
immediate against secondary exposure to antigen Specificity Broadly
specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial cells Mast
cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils),
monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial
, cells T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
Memory No memory involved No memory involved Specific
immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides Defensins,
cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins Complement,
clotting factors, kinins Antibodies, complement Protection Protection
includes anatomic barriers (i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells and
secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g., lysozymes, low pH of stomach
and urine), and ciliary activity Protection includes vascular responses,
cellular components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages),
secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein
systems Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines,
and antibodies
◉ Inflammatory response upon injury. Answer: Is activated to protect
the body from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and
promote healing. Inflammatory response is a rapid activation of
biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with
similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of
tissue damage.
◉ Types of anemia. Answer: Normochromic, normocytic anemia
hypo chromic, microcytic
normocytic, macrocytic anemia
◉ Normochromic, normocytic anemia (normal MCHC, normal MCV).
Answer: Anemias of chronic disease
BANK 2026 FULL SOLUTION EXAM REVIEW
GRADED A+
◉ pityriasis rosea. Answer: A common skin problem that causes a rash.
Occurs at any age that most often in ages of 10 and 35. It may be caused
by a virus
◉ pityriasis rosea observation. Answer: The rash often begins with a
single, round or oval, pink patch that is scaly with a raised border (herald
patch). The size of the patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.) to 10 cm (3.9
in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks later, salmon-
colored, 1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval patches appear in batches
on the abdomen, chest, back, arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread
to the neck but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form a "Christmas
tree" or "fir tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who get the rash.
The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to several months.
◉ pityriasis rosea diagnosis. Answer: Your doctor will diagnose
pityriasis rosea by looking at the rash. Diagnosis can be hard when only
the herald patch is visible, because the condition is often mistaken for
,ringworm or eczema at this time. After the rash appears, diagnosis is
generally clear.
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide
(KOH) test to make sure the rash is not caused by a fungal infection. A
skin sample may be taken from the infected area and examined under the
microscope (biopsy). If the diagnosis is unclear in a sexually active
person, a test for syphilis is often done.
◉ pityriasis rosea treatment. Answer: There is no treatment necessary. It
will last for several weeks. The patient may use lotions. A corticosteroid
may be used to relieve itching and reduce the rash
◉ Innate immunity. Answer: The natural epithelial barrier that offers
resistance. In outer layer specialized epithelium, including the skin and
mucosal services, is relatively resistant to most environmental hazards
and resistant infection with disease causing microorganisms. If the
barrier is damaged a highly efficient local and systemic response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of the damage, protect
against infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
◉ Adaptive immunity. Answer: Inflammation associated with infection
usually initiates an adaptive process that results in a long-term and very
effective immunity to the infecting microorganism, Adaptive immunity
is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly targets
and eradicates a second infection with a particular disease-causing
microorganism. The information presented in this chapter introduces
,◉ Inflammatory response. Answer: Innate immunity includes two lines
of defense: natural barriers and inflammation (Table 7-1). Natural
barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body's
surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the
environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the
surface barriers are breached, the second line of defense, the
inflammatory response, is activated to protect the body from further
injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing. The
inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical and cellular
processes that is relatively nonspecific, with similar responses being
initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
◉ Overview of human defenses. Answer: CHARACTERISTICS
BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE
(ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY Level of defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the
cells of adaptive immunity Timing of defense
Constant Immediate response
Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response;
immediate against secondary exposure to antigen Specificity Broadly
specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial cells Mast
cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils),
monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial
, cells T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
Memory No memory involved No memory involved Specific
immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides Defensins,
cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins Complement,
clotting factors, kinins Antibodies, complement Protection Protection
includes anatomic barriers (i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells and
secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g., lysozymes, low pH of stomach
and urine), and ciliary activity Protection includes vascular responses,
cellular components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages),
secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein
systems Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines,
and antibodies
◉ Inflammatory response upon injury. Answer: Is activated to protect
the body from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and
promote healing. Inflammatory response is a rapid activation of
biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with
similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of
tissue damage.
◉ Types of anemia. Answer: Normochromic, normocytic anemia
hypo chromic, microcytic
normocytic, macrocytic anemia
◉ Normochromic, normocytic anemia (normal MCHC, normal MCV).
Answer: Anemias of chronic disease
