NBL 484 - Exam 2 Questions And Answers
2026 Update!!!
What is a drug? An exogenous substance that affects physiology
An exogenous substance used excessively due
What is a drug of abuse?
to reward and withdrawal systems
An exogenous substance that affects brain
What is a psychoactive drug?
physiology
What is drug use? Taking a drug (typically a drug of abuse)
What is drug misuse? Using a drug in a harmful or risky way
What is a substance use disorder? Compulsive use
What is addiction? Moderate to severe substance use disorder
What do stimulants do to sleep and alertness? Decrease sleep and increase alertness/arousal
What do depressants do to sleep and alertness? Increase sleep and decrease activity/arousal
What are examples of “other” drug categories? Psychedelics
What effect does melatonin have on sleep? Increases sleepiness and decreases sleep latency
What conditions is melatonin best used for? Circadian rhythm disorders (e.g.
Where is melatonin produced and how is it Produced by the pineal gland and inhibited by
regulated? light via the SCN
What are the pharmacokinetics of melatonin? Rapidly absorbed when taken exogenously
What are the melatonin receptor types? MT1 (high affinity) and MT2 (low affinity)
Where are melatonin receptors located? SCN
How does alcohol affect sleep onset? Decreases sleep onset latency
, What are alcohol’s effects on sleep in the first
Increases slow-wave sleep and decreases REM
half of the night?
What are alcohol’s effects on sleep in the
Increases wakefulness and N1 sleep
second half of the night?
2026 Update!!!
What is a drug? An exogenous substance that affects physiology
An exogenous substance used excessively due
What is a drug of abuse?
to reward and withdrawal systems
An exogenous substance that affects brain
What is a psychoactive drug?
physiology
What is drug use? Taking a drug (typically a drug of abuse)
What is drug misuse? Using a drug in a harmful or risky way
What is a substance use disorder? Compulsive use
What is addiction? Moderate to severe substance use disorder
What do stimulants do to sleep and alertness? Decrease sleep and increase alertness/arousal
What do depressants do to sleep and alertness? Increase sleep and decrease activity/arousal
What are examples of “other” drug categories? Psychedelics
What effect does melatonin have on sleep? Increases sleepiness and decreases sleep latency
What conditions is melatonin best used for? Circadian rhythm disorders (e.g.
Where is melatonin produced and how is it Produced by the pineal gland and inhibited by
regulated? light via the SCN
What are the pharmacokinetics of melatonin? Rapidly absorbed when taken exogenously
What are the melatonin receptor types? MT1 (high affinity) and MT2 (low affinity)
Where are melatonin receptors located? SCN
How does alcohol affect sleep onset? Decreases sleep onset latency
, What are alcohol’s effects on sleep in the first
Increases slow-wave sleep and decreases REM
half of the night?
What are alcohol’s effects on sleep in the
Increases wakefulness and N1 sleep
second half of the night?
