LEC Exam 1 2026 – Practice Questions and Study Guide
Anatomy & Physiology - ANS✔✔ A: form or structure
P: function f(x)
The Study of Form - ANS✔✔ Anatomy
Medical Imaging - ANS✔✔ MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Comparative Philosophy - ANS✔✔ New drugs and vaccines
William Harvey - ANS✔✔ Dé motu cordis("on the motion of the heart")
Discovered blood does circulate
Experimental Bias - ANS✔✔ To take away bias... double blind study- both the participant &
donor don't know what is given... truly have to look for results instead of knowing
The Body's Structure of Hierarchy - ANS✔✔ Cell>Tissue>Organ>Organ System>Organism
Situs Solitus - ANS✔✔ S.Solitus: normal arrangement of internal organs
S.Inversus: opposite arrangement of internal organs (left is right & vice versa)
S.Perverus: "single organ" in a different arrangement
Characteristics of Life - ANS✔✔ Metabolism: sum of build up(anabolism) and break
down(catabolism)
Responsiveness: HEENT- head, ear, eyes, nose, throat... PERRLA- pupils equally round reactive to
light accommodation
, Homeostasis: stay in equilibrium
Repro: procreate
Pathophysiology - ANS✔✔ Unstable homeostasic condition
Negative Feedback - ANS✔✔ When the opposite effect happens(Ex. Temp, blood pressure)
HTN: hypertension(high blood pressure)
Positive Feedback - ANS✔✔ When the same effect continue(Ex. Blood coasulation, labor and
delivery)
Gradients - ANS✔✔ Move from areas of high [ ] to low [ ]
Planetary Model and Valence Electrons - ANS✔✔ Octet rule and the number of electrons in the
outermost shell
4 Major Elements - ANS✔✔ Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Isotopes - ANS✔✔ Same amount of electrons/protons, different amount of neutrons
Covalant/Ionic Bonds - ANS✔✔ C: share electrons
I: transfer electrons
Biological Half-Life - ANS✔✔ The time it takes for 1/2 of the drug concentration to be
eliminated from the body
Toxic: too much drugs (Rec. 2 an hour, takes 4)
Subtherapeutic: too little drugs (Rec. 2 an hour, takes 1)
Anatomy & Physiology - ANS✔✔ A: form or structure
P: function f(x)
The Study of Form - ANS✔✔ Anatomy
Medical Imaging - ANS✔✔ MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Comparative Philosophy - ANS✔✔ New drugs and vaccines
William Harvey - ANS✔✔ Dé motu cordis("on the motion of the heart")
Discovered blood does circulate
Experimental Bias - ANS✔✔ To take away bias... double blind study- both the participant &
donor don't know what is given... truly have to look for results instead of knowing
The Body's Structure of Hierarchy - ANS✔✔ Cell>Tissue>Organ>Organ System>Organism
Situs Solitus - ANS✔✔ S.Solitus: normal arrangement of internal organs
S.Inversus: opposite arrangement of internal organs (left is right & vice versa)
S.Perverus: "single organ" in a different arrangement
Characteristics of Life - ANS✔✔ Metabolism: sum of build up(anabolism) and break
down(catabolism)
Responsiveness: HEENT- head, ear, eyes, nose, throat... PERRLA- pupils equally round reactive to
light accommodation
, Homeostasis: stay in equilibrium
Repro: procreate
Pathophysiology - ANS✔✔ Unstable homeostasic condition
Negative Feedback - ANS✔✔ When the opposite effect happens(Ex. Temp, blood pressure)
HTN: hypertension(high blood pressure)
Positive Feedback - ANS✔✔ When the same effect continue(Ex. Blood coasulation, labor and
delivery)
Gradients - ANS✔✔ Move from areas of high [ ] to low [ ]
Planetary Model and Valence Electrons - ANS✔✔ Octet rule and the number of electrons in the
outermost shell
4 Major Elements - ANS✔✔ Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Isotopes - ANS✔✔ Same amount of electrons/protons, different amount of neutrons
Covalant/Ionic Bonds - ANS✔✔ C: share electrons
I: transfer electrons
Biological Half-Life - ANS✔✔ The time it takes for 1/2 of the drug concentration to be
eliminated from the body
Toxic: too much drugs (Rec. 2 an hour, takes 4)
Subtherapeutic: too little drugs (Rec. 2 an hour, takes 1)
