SPSS Final Exam Questions with
Verified Solutions
what is thought to be the primary reason why the rate of yield increase for grain crop
show a marked increase beginning between 1940-1950 and continued today? - ANS-
haber-bosch process of creating and fixing nitrogen is the primary reason for the
increase in cereal grain crop between 1940-1950
haber-bosch process is where you take atmosphere and suck it in, give it some
hydrogen, put it under high heat and pressure, then you run it through a catalyst to
reduce, now have reactive nitrogen. to generate out high synthetic fertilizer
in addition to the primary reason for cereal grains yield increases, what other
developments contributed to the marked increase since the mid 1940s? - ANS-the
breeding of crops designed to yield under optimum conditions yield optimum conditions
like high fertility (especially nitrogen), abundant water, and pest control
modern irrigation technology
mechanization and technology to help take care of crops
describe the yield trend of major pulse crops across the last 80-150 years - ANS-pulses
- no distinct increase like the cereal grains showed
soybeans - you see a continuing upward straight line
edible dry beans - a continuing upward line
peanuts - constant until 1950 and there was upward (an increase) movement
why dont the pulse crops show the marked rate of increasing beginning between 1940-
1950 like the cereal grain crops? - ANS-pulse crops already fix the nitrogen so they did
not need the haber-bosch process
we do not NEED to put nitrogen on our pulses because they get the nitrogen from the
soil
for soybeans + edible dry beans, you do not NEED to put the nitrogen down but for
peanuts some farmers believe they can get higher yields by putting nitrogen
,describe the yield trend of the starch and sugar crops across the last 80-150 years or so
- ANS-potatoes - have the same huge increase starting from 1950 like the cereal; gains
due to same exact reasons
sugar beets - has an increase at 1950 but not as great of an increase like cereal grains
sugarcane - at 1940 there as a huge increase and remains the same since then. we
have already met the maximum it would seem (highest yielding crop in terms of
biomass)
describe the trend of the oilseed crops across the last 80-150 years or so - ANS-flax
seed - had very littler change up until the 1950s with variations
sunflowers - a lot more variation and slight increase in the last 20 years
canola oil - variations but a slow increase
sunflower + canola oil newer with a slow increase in time but a lot more variation over
time
describe the yield trend of hay and alfalfa crops across the last 80-50 years or so -
ANS-alfalfa does not need nitrogen because it is a legume but there was an increase
since the 1950s due to breeding, irrigation, and pest control. for the last 40 years, it has
stayed stable
non legume hays shows a response like the cereal grains with an increase after 1945
but in the last 40 years, it has not changed. it has stayed basically the same
why do yields of sorghum and the oilseed crops generally display more yearly variation
in yield than the other major crops - ANS-they are grown in areas that are semi-arid or
arid areas that are not irrigated
there are high variations relative to changes in the weather (primarily precipitation, also
in heat + cold, and lower water + high water
in the last 30-40 years, yearly crop yields have been more variable than that at any of
dates in recorded yield data. what is thought to be the reason for the high variability in
yield? - ANS-fluctuations in weather
feed conversion radio - ANS-the smaller the ratio, the better!
mass of feed / mass of desired output
,-with any of our animals + animal products, we are obtaining calories indirectly. we are
feeding crops to animals. we may not be consuming these directly but feeding them to
animals then we are getting calories from those products of animals (meat or dairy
products)
-how much feed do you need to give to get us our desired food
explain feed conversion efficiency and how is that different from feed conversion ratio -
ANS-the larger the conversion efficiency percentage, the better!
how much feed is converted to an edible calorie or protein
rank the following livestock or animal products from the best to worst feed conversion
ratio - ANS-1. milk
2. fish - aquatic animals with less bone + more muscle
3. chicken + eggs
4. pork
5. beef
rank the follow livestock or animal products from the best to worst feed conversion
efficiency - ANS-1. milk
2. egg
3. fish
4. chicken
5. pork
6. beef
what animal has the greatest feed conversion ratio - ANS-insects (cricket flour)
what are the environmental benefits from consuming insects instead of conventional
livestock? - ANS-we get much more protein from crickets
less water to produce one pound of meat
less pounds of feed are need to produce one product of digestible protein
far less green house gas emissions
what are the purported benefits on human health from eating insects? - ANS-eating
cricket + cricket protein is associated with reduced plasma (systemic inflammation)
they also improve gut health
what is the trend with respect to feed conversion ratio when today's ratio are compared
to the ratios of 30+ years ago - ANS-poultry- birds have gotten much bigger in a faster
, amount of time + more breast meat and way more efficient. FCR decreased the years
(great improvement - the smaller, the better)
getting birds out faster with greater FCR
pork - FCR is decreasing (getting smaller) because pro is getting bigger (great
improvement)
beef - size of our beef cattle are getting bigger over the last 60 years BUT the feed
efficiency has not changed much in the last 40 years (FCE has not increased)
the rate of improvement has slowed
what are the environmental benefits of grass-finished beef relative to grain finished -
ANS-if you are feeding grains to the cattle then you are not using all fertilizers which is
LESS GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
fertilizer and pesticide causes pollution with grass finished, it would be less
1. less energy put in fertilizer
2. less effort
3. less transportation
4. less water
what are the purported human health benefits of grass finished beef relative to grain
finished beef - ANS-grass finished has:
1. less marbling and more fat near skin
2. much more concentration of omega 3 fatty acids
3. the fat in the meat is more yellow because it contains more carotenoids
grain finished beef: increase inflammation in the system if you have more of the omegas
than 3
more inflation can increase susceptibility to more metabolic diseases + cardiovascular
diseases
what are some potential environmental concerns of grass finished beef relative to grain
finished - ANS-US cattle emit around 5.5 million tonnes of methane per year from their
burping (erectation) and flanculants (farts)
methane emissions much higher with global warming
Verified Solutions
what is thought to be the primary reason why the rate of yield increase for grain crop
show a marked increase beginning between 1940-1950 and continued today? - ANS-
haber-bosch process of creating and fixing nitrogen is the primary reason for the
increase in cereal grain crop between 1940-1950
haber-bosch process is where you take atmosphere and suck it in, give it some
hydrogen, put it under high heat and pressure, then you run it through a catalyst to
reduce, now have reactive nitrogen. to generate out high synthetic fertilizer
in addition to the primary reason for cereal grains yield increases, what other
developments contributed to the marked increase since the mid 1940s? - ANS-the
breeding of crops designed to yield under optimum conditions yield optimum conditions
like high fertility (especially nitrogen), abundant water, and pest control
modern irrigation technology
mechanization and technology to help take care of crops
describe the yield trend of major pulse crops across the last 80-150 years - ANS-pulses
- no distinct increase like the cereal grains showed
soybeans - you see a continuing upward straight line
edible dry beans - a continuing upward line
peanuts - constant until 1950 and there was upward (an increase) movement
why dont the pulse crops show the marked rate of increasing beginning between 1940-
1950 like the cereal grain crops? - ANS-pulse crops already fix the nitrogen so they did
not need the haber-bosch process
we do not NEED to put nitrogen on our pulses because they get the nitrogen from the
soil
for soybeans + edible dry beans, you do not NEED to put the nitrogen down but for
peanuts some farmers believe they can get higher yields by putting nitrogen
,describe the yield trend of the starch and sugar crops across the last 80-150 years or so
- ANS-potatoes - have the same huge increase starting from 1950 like the cereal; gains
due to same exact reasons
sugar beets - has an increase at 1950 but not as great of an increase like cereal grains
sugarcane - at 1940 there as a huge increase and remains the same since then. we
have already met the maximum it would seem (highest yielding crop in terms of
biomass)
describe the trend of the oilseed crops across the last 80-150 years or so - ANS-flax
seed - had very littler change up until the 1950s with variations
sunflowers - a lot more variation and slight increase in the last 20 years
canola oil - variations but a slow increase
sunflower + canola oil newer with a slow increase in time but a lot more variation over
time
describe the yield trend of hay and alfalfa crops across the last 80-50 years or so -
ANS-alfalfa does not need nitrogen because it is a legume but there was an increase
since the 1950s due to breeding, irrigation, and pest control. for the last 40 years, it has
stayed stable
non legume hays shows a response like the cereal grains with an increase after 1945
but in the last 40 years, it has not changed. it has stayed basically the same
why do yields of sorghum and the oilseed crops generally display more yearly variation
in yield than the other major crops - ANS-they are grown in areas that are semi-arid or
arid areas that are not irrigated
there are high variations relative to changes in the weather (primarily precipitation, also
in heat + cold, and lower water + high water
in the last 30-40 years, yearly crop yields have been more variable than that at any of
dates in recorded yield data. what is thought to be the reason for the high variability in
yield? - ANS-fluctuations in weather
feed conversion radio - ANS-the smaller the ratio, the better!
mass of feed / mass of desired output
,-with any of our animals + animal products, we are obtaining calories indirectly. we are
feeding crops to animals. we may not be consuming these directly but feeding them to
animals then we are getting calories from those products of animals (meat or dairy
products)
-how much feed do you need to give to get us our desired food
explain feed conversion efficiency and how is that different from feed conversion ratio -
ANS-the larger the conversion efficiency percentage, the better!
how much feed is converted to an edible calorie or protein
rank the following livestock or animal products from the best to worst feed conversion
ratio - ANS-1. milk
2. fish - aquatic animals with less bone + more muscle
3. chicken + eggs
4. pork
5. beef
rank the follow livestock or animal products from the best to worst feed conversion
efficiency - ANS-1. milk
2. egg
3. fish
4. chicken
5. pork
6. beef
what animal has the greatest feed conversion ratio - ANS-insects (cricket flour)
what are the environmental benefits from consuming insects instead of conventional
livestock? - ANS-we get much more protein from crickets
less water to produce one pound of meat
less pounds of feed are need to produce one product of digestible protein
far less green house gas emissions
what are the purported benefits on human health from eating insects? - ANS-eating
cricket + cricket protein is associated with reduced plasma (systemic inflammation)
they also improve gut health
what is the trend with respect to feed conversion ratio when today's ratio are compared
to the ratios of 30+ years ago - ANS-poultry- birds have gotten much bigger in a faster
, amount of time + more breast meat and way more efficient. FCR decreased the years
(great improvement - the smaller, the better)
getting birds out faster with greater FCR
pork - FCR is decreasing (getting smaller) because pro is getting bigger (great
improvement)
beef - size of our beef cattle are getting bigger over the last 60 years BUT the feed
efficiency has not changed much in the last 40 years (FCE has not increased)
the rate of improvement has slowed
what are the environmental benefits of grass-finished beef relative to grain finished -
ANS-if you are feeding grains to the cattle then you are not using all fertilizers which is
LESS GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
fertilizer and pesticide causes pollution with grass finished, it would be less
1. less energy put in fertilizer
2. less effort
3. less transportation
4. less water
what are the purported human health benefits of grass finished beef relative to grain
finished beef - ANS-grass finished has:
1. less marbling and more fat near skin
2. much more concentration of omega 3 fatty acids
3. the fat in the meat is more yellow because it contains more carotenoids
grain finished beef: increase inflammation in the system if you have more of the omegas
than 3
more inflation can increase susceptibility to more metabolic diseases + cardiovascular
diseases
what are some potential environmental concerns of grass finished beef relative to grain
finished - ANS-US cattle emit around 5.5 million tonnes of methane per year from their
burping (erectation) and flanculants (farts)
methane emissions much higher with global warming
