PSYC 304 Exam 2 study guide questions with
correct answers
Definition of non-human animal communication - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--
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Transfer of information from a signaler to receiver
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Who benefits from communication (non-human animal communication) -
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CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-True communication:
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- Both the receiver and the sender
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Manipulation: |
- Sender benefits, receiver is unaffected or harmed
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Eavesdropping or exploitation: | | |
- Sender is unaffected or is harmed, receiver benefits
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Ignoring or spite: | | |
Neither sender nor receiver benefits, both may be harmed
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Why selection at the level of the individual? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- Natural
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selection may act at the level of the individual
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- As long as the sender benefits with few costs, the communication is successful
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,- Thus, communication (including deceit) may be selected for if it benefits the
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sender
Know the spotted hyenas story - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- Spotted hyenas sniff
| | | | | | | | | | |
one another's penis in "greeting ceremony"
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- Abnormal exposure to male sex hormones can lead to development of a
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|"pseudopenis" |
- Female spotted hyenas are extremely aggressive
| | | | | |
- An increase in male hormones may have led to larger, more aggressive females
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
which had a selective advantage and the side effect of the pseudopenis
| | | | | | | | | | |
- Problem: Free living females don't have more male hormones than males
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- However, pregnant females do have more testosterone than lactating females
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- Giving anti-androgens during pregnancy does not eliminate the pseudopenis
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Know sensory exploitation story (generally), and how it relates to spotted hyenas
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- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- Signalers happen to tap into pre-existing sensory
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biases of receivers | |
- Many sex pheromones of insects have floral odor
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- There is a pre-exisiting bias to respond to the flower odor (to find food)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
- A response already exists, so the signal can then evolve to take advantage
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ex) During mating some insects can release a floral odor to attract a male because
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
the mate already has a pre-existing bias to a flower odor
| | | | | | | | | | |
, Adaptationist vs non-adaptationist (by-product) explanations for evolution of
| | | | | | | |
pseudopenis in females - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- females may have been
| | | | | | | | | |
dominant over males before the pseudopenis evolved
| | | | | |
- Males present an erect penis to dominant females to signal that they were a
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
nonthreatening male that was ready to mate | | | | | |
- Females may have evolved to use this same signal to indicate subordination
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
- could stay with the social group, improving chances for survival and raising
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
offspring
Adaptionnist: Pseudopenis is adaptive and arose as something that facilitates
| | | | | | | | | |
evolutionary fitness |
Non adaptionist: Psuedopenis is exposure to hormones (male sex hormones)
| | | | | | | | | |
which facilitated aggression
| |
Social bonding and submission hypotheses for female pseudopenis as an
| | | | | | | | | |
evolutionary adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Submission hypothesis:
| | | | | |
- Made use of the already in-place female dominant /male subordinate
| | | | | | | | | | |
relationship
- helps transmit subordinates willingness to accept this status
| | | | | | | | |
Social bonding hypothesis:
| | |
- The greeting ceremony may increase social bonding and reduce tensions among
| | | | | | | | | | | |
aggressive females |
correct answers
Definition of non-human animal communication - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--
| | | | | | | |
Transfer of information from a signaler to receiver
| | | | | | |
Who benefits from communication (non-human animal communication) -
| | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-True communication:
| | |
- Both the receiver and the sender
| | | | | |
Manipulation: |
- Sender benefits, receiver is unaffected or harmed
| | | | | | | |
Eavesdropping or exploitation: | | |
- Sender is unaffected or is harmed, receiver benefits
| | | | | | | |
Ignoring or spite: | | |
Neither sender nor receiver benefits, both may be harmed
| | | | | | | |
Why selection at the level of the individual? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- Natural
| | | | | | | | | | | |
selection may act at the level of the individual
| | | | | | | |
- As long as the sender benefits with few costs, the communication is successful
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
,- Thus, communication (including deceit) may be selected for if it benefits the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
sender
Know the spotted hyenas story - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- Spotted hyenas sniff
| | | | | | | | | | |
one another's penis in "greeting ceremony"
| | | | | |
- Abnormal exposure to male sex hormones can lead to development of a
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|"pseudopenis" |
- Female spotted hyenas are extremely aggressive
| | | | | |
- An increase in male hormones may have led to larger, more aggressive females
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
which had a selective advantage and the side effect of the pseudopenis
| | | | | | | | | | |
- Problem: Free living females don't have more male hormones than males
| | | | | | | | | | | |
- However, pregnant females do have more testosterone than lactating females
| | | | | | | | | |
- Giving anti-androgens during pregnancy does not eliminate the pseudopenis
| | | | | | | | |
Know sensory exploitation story (generally), and how it relates to spotted hyenas
| | | | | | | | | | |
- CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- Signalers happen to tap into pre-existing sensory
| | | | | | | | | | |
biases of receivers | |
- Many sex pheromones of insects have floral odor
| | | | | | | |
- There is a pre-exisiting bias to respond to the flower odor (to find food)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
- A response already exists, so the signal can then evolve to take advantage
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ex) During mating some insects can release a floral odor to attract a male because
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
the mate already has a pre-existing bias to a flower odor
| | | | | | | | | | |
, Adaptationist vs non-adaptationist (by-product) explanations for evolution of
| | | | | | | |
pseudopenis in females - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- females may have been
| | | | | | | | | |
dominant over males before the pseudopenis evolved
| | | | | |
- Males present an erect penis to dominant females to signal that they were a
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
nonthreatening male that was ready to mate | | | | | |
- Females may have evolved to use this same signal to indicate subordination
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
- could stay with the social group, improving chances for survival and raising
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
offspring
Adaptionnist: Pseudopenis is adaptive and arose as something that facilitates
| | | | | | | | | |
evolutionary fitness |
Non adaptionist: Psuedopenis is exposure to hormones (male sex hormones)
| | | | | | | | | |
which facilitated aggression
| |
Social bonding and submission hypotheses for female pseudopenis as an
| | | | | | | | | |
evolutionary adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Submission hypothesis:
| | | | | |
- Made use of the already in-place female dominant /male subordinate
| | | | | | | | | | |
relationship
- helps transmit subordinates willingness to accept this status
| | | | | | | | |
Social bonding hypothesis:
| | |
- The greeting ceremony may increase social bonding and reduce tensions among
| | | | | | | | | | | |
aggressive females |
