NUR 265 Advanced
Med-Surg Exam 1
Review: Chapters
13, 14, 48, 53, 54,
60, 63 TESTBANK
2026 A+
, lOMoAR cPSD| 64664050
Advanced med surg: NUR 265 EXAM 1 Review
Unit 1.2.3
Chapters: 13.14.48.53.54.60.63 - unit 1
Chapters 30.31.32.33.35 unit 2\3
Complex Elimination (renal)
Complex Elimination (GI)
Complex Perfusion
LABS:
HGB: 12-18 Glucose: 70-110 PH: 7.35-7.45
HCT: 37%-52% NA: 135-145 PCO2: 35-45
WBC: 5-10 K: 3.5-5 HCO3: 22-28
PLT: 150-400 CREAT: 0.5-1.2 O2: 95%-100%
PT: 11-12.5 sec BUN: 10-20
INR: 20·-30 Cholesterol <200
PTT: 20-30 sec GFR: 90-120
APTT: 30-40 sec
RENAL
Two kidneys are behind (posterior) to the peritoneum outside of the abdominal cavity, one on
either side of the spine.
- Each kidney has a single ureter, which is a hollow tube that connects the renal
pelvis with the urinary bladder.
- Nephron: functional unit of the kidney and forms urine by filtering waste products
and water from the blood. Each nephron preforms filtration and makes urine from
blood
- The renal artery divides into smaller arteries supplying blood to areas of the
kidney tissue, and nephrons – the smallest arteries (afferent arterioles) feed the
nephrons directly to form urine) then blood flows into the glomerulus (series of
specialized capillary loops) it is through these capillaries that water and small
particles are filtered through the blood to make urine. The remaining blood leaves
the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole – first vessel in the kidneys venous
system
- Ascending limb of henle loop - thin segment and thick segment
messages.downloaded_by
, lOMoAR cPSD| 64664050
- Descending limb of henle loop- water absorption
- Glomerular filtration : first process of urine formation
- Calculi : stone formation
- Bruit: audible swishing sound produced when the volume of blood or the
diameter of the blood vessel changes
- Internal urethral sphincter: smooth muscle that helps control the exit of urine
- External urethral sphincter: skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra and
helps control the exit of urine
- Rental threshold: kidney is overwhelmed with glucose and can no longer
reabsorb – also called transport maximum
-
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI)
Patho: rapid reduction of kidney function
#1 cause- DEHYDRATION
Labs: GFR - decreased
Creat - increased
BUN - increased
SG - increased
K - increased Prerenal:
o issue is prior to the kidney. outside the kidney- impairs renal perfusion
- Blood\fluid loss
- Blood pressure meds
- Heart attack
- Heart dz
- Infection
- Liver failure
- Aspirin\ibuprofen - NSAIDS
- Naproxen
- Allergic reaction
- Burns
- Dehydration
- Renal artery stenosis
- Atherosclerosis Intrarenal:
o The Issue is inside the kidneys Tissue damage
messages.downloaded_by
, lOMoAR cPSD| 64664050
- Blood clots
- Cholesterol deposits
- Glomerulonephritis
- Hemolytic uremia
- Pyelonephritis Postrenal:
o The issue is after the kidney. Obstruction of urine from the kidney
- Bladder cancer
- Cervical cancer
- Colon cancer
- Prostate cancer
- BPH
- Kidney stones
- Nerve damage in bladder
- Blood clots in urinary tract
Chapter 13.
Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System (RAAS)
MAJOR REGULATOR OF FLUID BALANCE
- Kidneys need 25% of cardiac output. If they dont receive they activate renin
- Because low blood volume and low blood pressure can quickly lead to death, the
body has compensatory mechanisms. This will involve specific responses to
change how water and sodium are handled to maintain blood pressure.
- The kidney is a major regulator of sodium and water balance to maintain BP and
perfusion to all tissues, and organs. The kidneys monitor BP, blood volume, blood
oxygen levels. When the kidneys sense that one of these are getting low they
begin to secrete a substance called renin that sets hormonal and blood vessel
responses to ensure that blood pressure is raised back up to normal.
- Renin- ANY triggering event that perfusion is at risk. : low BP. Low blood sodium
(water+sodium are closely linked. Where sodium goes, water follows)
- Reduces blood volume: dehydration, hemorrhage.
- RENIN then activates ANGIOTENSIONOGEN. Activated angiotensinogen is
angiotensin 1, which is activated by the enzyme ACE (angiotensin converting
enzyme) to its most active form angiotensin 2.
- Angiotensin 2 begins many actions to increase blood volume and blood
pressure. FIRST- constricts the arteries and veins throughout the body. - will raise
messages.downloaded_by
Med-Surg Exam 1
Review: Chapters
13, 14, 48, 53, 54,
60, 63 TESTBANK
2026 A+
, lOMoAR cPSD| 64664050
Advanced med surg: NUR 265 EXAM 1 Review
Unit 1.2.3
Chapters: 13.14.48.53.54.60.63 - unit 1
Chapters 30.31.32.33.35 unit 2\3
Complex Elimination (renal)
Complex Elimination (GI)
Complex Perfusion
LABS:
HGB: 12-18 Glucose: 70-110 PH: 7.35-7.45
HCT: 37%-52% NA: 135-145 PCO2: 35-45
WBC: 5-10 K: 3.5-5 HCO3: 22-28
PLT: 150-400 CREAT: 0.5-1.2 O2: 95%-100%
PT: 11-12.5 sec BUN: 10-20
INR: 20·-30 Cholesterol <200
PTT: 20-30 sec GFR: 90-120
APTT: 30-40 sec
RENAL
Two kidneys are behind (posterior) to the peritoneum outside of the abdominal cavity, one on
either side of the spine.
- Each kidney has a single ureter, which is a hollow tube that connects the renal
pelvis with the urinary bladder.
- Nephron: functional unit of the kidney and forms urine by filtering waste products
and water from the blood. Each nephron preforms filtration and makes urine from
blood
- The renal artery divides into smaller arteries supplying blood to areas of the
kidney tissue, and nephrons – the smallest arteries (afferent arterioles) feed the
nephrons directly to form urine) then blood flows into the glomerulus (series of
specialized capillary loops) it is through these capillaries that water and small
particles are filtered through the blood to make urine. The remaining blood leaves
the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole – first vessel in the kidneys venous
system
- Ascending limb of henle loop - thin segment and thick segment
messages.downloaded_by
, lOMoAR cPSD| 64664050
- Descending limb of henle loop- water absorption
- Glomerular filtration : first process of urine formation
- Calculi : stone formation
- Bruit: audible swishing sound produced when the volume of blood or the
diameter of the blood vessel changes
- Internal urethral sphincter: smooth muscle that helps control the exit of urine
- External urethral sphincter: skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra and
helps control the exit of urine
- Rental threshold: kidney is overwhelmed with glucose and can no longer
reabsorb – also called transport maximum
-
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI)
Patho: rapid reduction of kidney function
#1 cause- DEHYDRATION
Labs: GFR - decreased
Creat - increased
BUN - increased
SG - increased
K - increased Prerenal:
o issue is prior to the kidney. outside the kidney- impairs renal perfusion
- Blood\fluid loss
- Blood pressure meds
- Heart attack
- Heart dz
- Infection
- Liver failure
- Aspirin\ibuprofen - NSAIDS
- Naproxen
- Allergic reaction
- Burns
- Dehydration
- Renal artery stenosis
- Atherosclerosis Intrarenal:
o The Issue is inside the kidneys Tissue damage
messages.downloaded_by
, lOMoAR cPSD| 64664050
- Blood clots
- Cholesterol deposits
- Glomerulonephritis
- Hemolytic uremia
- Pyelonephritis Postrenal:
o The issue is after the kidney. Obstruction of urine from the kidney
- Bladder cancer
- Cervical cancer
- Colon cancer
- Prostate cancer
- BPH
- Kidney stones
- Nerve damage in bladder
- Blood clots in urinary tract
Chapter 13.
Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System (RAAS)
MAJOR REGULATOR OF FLUID BALANCE
- Kidneys need 25% of cardiac output. If they dont receive they activate renin
- Because low blood volume and low blood pressure can quickly lead to death, the
body has compensatory mechanisms. This will involve specific responses to
change how water and sodium are handled to maintain blood pressure.
- The kidney is a major regulator of sodium and water balance to maintain BP and
perfusion to all tissues, and organs. The kidneys monitor BP, blood volume, blood
oxygen levels. When the kidneys sense that one of these are getting low they
begin to secrete a substance called renin that sets hormonal and blood vessel
responses to ensure that blood pressure is raised back up to normal.
- Renin- ANY triggering event that perfusion is at risk. : low BP. Low blood sodium
(water+sodium are closely linked. Where sodium goes, water follows)
- Reduces blood volume: dehydration, hemorrhage.
- RENIN then activates ANGIOTENSIONOGEN. Activated angiotensinogen is
angiotensin 1, which is activated by the enzyme ACE (angiotensin converting
enzyme) to its most active form angiotensin 2.
- Angiotensin 2 begins many actions to increase blood volume and blood
pressure. FIRST- constricts the arteries and veins throughout the body. - will raise
messages.downloaded_by
