POPM 3240 CERTIFICATION FINAL PAPER
2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
● approaches taken and outcomes in work of Edward Jenner. Answer:
approach:
- "black box epidemiology" know nothing about what is going on
(purely observational)
- observed dairy maids and cowpox (immune to smallpox)
outcome:
- 1st vaccination
- vaccination refers to inoculation with vaccinia (aka cowpox)
● since then... what has happened to smallpox (so today's time).
Answer: eradicated
● In 2011 what was eradicated?. Answer: Rinderpest (infectious disease
of cattle and buffalo)
● approaches taken and outcomes in work of James Lind. Answer:
approach:
- observed scurvy in the Royal Navy
- 1st clinical trial -- diff treatments allocated to 6 groups of 2
,outcome:
- group receiving 2 oranges and 1 lemon per day recovered in "dramatic
fashion"
impact:
- importance of experimental evidence in disease prevention, though
adoption was slow due to lack of biological explanation at the time
- scurvy was understood when Vit C was identified
● Why is scurvy seeing to come back today?. Answer: due to
malnutrition and prices of food
● approaches taken and outcomes in work of Percival Pott. Answer:
approach:
- observational study of occupational carcinogen
outcome:
- scrotal cancer (skin sores) among chimney sweeps linked to coal soot
exposure
impact:
- "Chimney Sweepers' Act" protect workers
● approaches taken and outcomes in work of John Snow. Answer:
approach:
- mapping cases
- natural experiment/observational studies during cholera outbreak
, - "Shoe Leather Epidemiology" 'walkabout' (door to door)
outcome:
- Broad Street pump the water contaminated by sewage from nearby
cesspit
- handles removed from pumps
impact:
- interventions can be effective without full knowledge of disease
mechanisms
- helped establish epidemiology as a scientific discipline
● What was William Farr's theory for cause of cholera. Answer:
Miasmatic theory
("Bad Air")
● What was the Grand Experiment of 1854. Answer: John Snow
continued to research and found that the Southwark & Vauxhall water
company were delivering contaminated water to houses which showed
for why there were cases of cholera in other parts
● approaches taken and outcomes in work of Ignaz Semmelweis.
Answer: approach:
- observed high incidence of puerperal fever (childbed fever)
- mother dyeing
2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
● approaches taken and outcomes in work of Edward Jenner. Answer:
approach:
- "black box epidemiology" know nothing about what is going on
(purely observational)
- observed dairy maids and cowpox (immune to smallpox)
outcome:
- 1st vaccination
- vaccination refers to inoculation with vaccinia (aka cowpox)
● since then... what has happened to smallpox (so today's time).
Answer: eradicated
● In 2011 what was eradicated?. Answer: Rinderpest (infectious disease
of cattle and buffalo)
● approaches taken and outcomes in work of James Lind. Answer:
approach:
- observed scurvy in the Royal Navy
- 1st clinical trial -- diff treatments allocated to 6 groups of 2
,outcome:
- group receiving 2 oranges and 1 lemon per day recovered in "dramatic
fashion"
impact:
- importance of experimental evidence in disease prevention, though
adoption was slow due to lack of biological explanation at the time
- scurvy was understood when Vit C was identified
● Why is scurvy seeing to come back today?. Answer: due to
malnutrition and prices of food
● approaches taken and outcomes in work of Percival Pott. Answer:
approach:
- observational study of occupational carcinogen
outcome:
- scrotal cancer (skin sores) among chimney sweeps linked to coal soot
exposure
impact:
- "Chimney Sweepers' Act" protect workers
● approaches taken and outcomes in work of John Snow. Answer:
approach:
- mapping cases
- natural experiment/observational studies during cholera outbreak
, - "Shoe Leather Epidemiology" 'walkabout' (door to door)
outcome:
- Broad Street pump the water contaminated by sewage from nearby
cesspit
- handles removed from pumps
impact:
- interventions can be effective without full knowledge of disease
mechanisms
- helped establish epidemiology as a scientific discipline
● What was William Farr's theory for cause of cholera. Answer:
Miasmatic theory
("Bad Air")
● What was the Grand Experiment of 1854. Answer: John Snow
continued to research and found that the Southwark & Vauxhall water
company were delivering contaminated water to houses which showed
for why there were cases of cholera in other parts
● approaches taken and outcomes in work of Ignaz Semmelweis.
Answer: approach:
- observed high incidence of puerperal fever (childbed fever)
- mother dyeing
