NR 545 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL PAPER
ONE 2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED
A+
⩥ diagnosis of otitis media. Answer: -examination with otoscope will
reveal bulging tympanic membrane
-fluid bubbles may be observed behind a reddened tympanic membrane
⩥ signs and symptoms of otitis media. Answer: -fever, pain; infant may
pull at ear
-enlarged lymph nodes
-discharge from ear (if drum is ruptured)
-upper respiratory symptoms
-vomiting, diarrhea
⩥ treatment of otitis media. Answer: antibiotics like amoxicillin
⩥ What is otitis externa?. Answer: inflammation of external auditory
canal aka "swimmer's ear"
⩥ diagnosis of otitis externa. Answer: Diagnosis is based on inspection -
The ear canal usually appears edematous and erythematous in external
otitis. Debris or cerumen is typically yellow, brown, white, or gray.
, ⩥ treatment for otitis externa. Answer: Topical antibiotic drops to
affected ear (fluoroquinolone or other covering pseudomonas)
⩥ What is Rhinovirus?. Answer: common cold
⩥ treatment of rhinovirus. Answer: Usually self-limited
No antiviral drugs effective
Relieve symptoms-Nasal vasoconstrictors; Nasal decongestants: eg.
Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, Naphazoline etc.
Inhalation of HOT STEAM
Control:
Hand washing and disinfection practice
⩥ What is conjunctivitis?. Answer: pink eye; inflammation of the
conjunctiva
⩥ signs and symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis. Answer: Red, irritated
and discomfort
No change in vision
Mucupurulent exudate
Adhesions in the morning
ONE 2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED
A+
⩥ diagnosis of otitis media. Answer: -examination with otoscope will
reveal bulging tympanic membrane
-fluid bubbles may be observed behind a reddened tympanic membrane
⩥ signs and symptoms of otitis media. Answer: -fever, pain; infant may
pull at ear
-enlarged lymph nodes
-discharge from ear (if drum is ruptured)
-upper respiratory symptoms
-vomiting, diarrhea
⩥ treatment of otitis media. Answer: antibiotics like amoxicillin
⩥ What is otitis externa?. Answer: inflammation of external auditory
canal aka "swimmer's ear"
⩥ diagnosis of otitis externa. Answer: Diagnosis is based on inspection -
The ear canal usually appears edematous and erythematous in external
otitis. Debris or cerumen is typically yellow, brown, white, or gray.
, ⩥ treatment for otitis externa. Answer: Topical antibiotic drops to
affected ear (fluoroquinolone or other covering pseudomonas)
⩥ What is Rhinovirus?. Answer: common cold
⩥ treatment of rhinovirus. Answer: Usually self-limited
No antiviral drugs effective
Relieve symptoms-Nasal vasoconstrictors; Nasal decongestants: eg.
Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, Naphazoline etc.
Inhalation of HOT STEAM
Control:
Hand washing and disinfection practice
⩥ What is conjunctivitis?. Answer: pink eye; inflammation of the
conjunctiva
⩥ signs and symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis. Answer: Red, irritated
and discomfort
No change in vision
Mucupurulent exudate
Adhesions in the morning
