BIOL 3010 Exam 1 Study Guide With
Complete Solutions
What three factors are necessary for natural selection? - ANSWER variation,
inheritance, fitness differences
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - ANSWER DNA → RNA → protein
replication → transcription → translation
How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T? - ANSWER 2
how many hydrogen bonds are between G and C - ANSWER 3
How are nucleotides joined together? - ANSWER phosphodiester bonds
Dapi - ANSWER intercalates into minor groove of DNA; visible when exposed to
UV light
Furanocoumarins - ANSWER plant defensive compounds; interacts with bases in
minor grooves and form adduct in presence of UV light; forms cross-links with
multiple bases so that they can't replicate
life - ANSWER a self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian selection
What are the criteria for prototypical genetic material? - ANSWER -store
information
-express information
-replicate
-accomodate introduction of new variation
Evidence for RNA world hypothesis - ANSWER -encodes information
-complex folding (flexible shape)
-highly conserved across all life
-can act as enzyme
ribosomal RNAs - ANSWER involved in protein synthesis; need protein but is
part of operation
ribonuclease-P - ANSWER cleaves phosphodiester bonds on tRNA and other
small RNAs; can act as enzyme alone
, classic model of building RNA molecule - ANSWER lack of spontaneous
hydrogen bonding between bases would have made selection for functional
pairing difficult; nucleotides assembled first and then came together
polymer fusion model of building RNA molecule - ANSWER bases came together
first and then polymer of phosphate and sugar came in after
Ribozyme experiment - ANSWER took a family of ribozymes
Type 1 - no ability to make RNA; mixed with type 5 enhances replication ability;
catalytic gene
Type 5 - can add on triplet nucleotides
B form - ANSWER spiral to right
Z form - ANSWER left handed helix; backbone takes on zigzag shape
Beadle and Tatum experiment - ANSWER obtained mutagen induced mutation of
bread mold that couldn't synthesize arginine; arginine blocking mutations in four
distinct regions (at least 4 genes for arginine synthesis - ARG-E, ARG-F, ARG-G,
ARG-H); supplement with different parts of the pathway
missense mutation - ANSWER A base-pair substitution that results in a codon
that codes for a different amino acid.
nonsense mutation - ANSWER A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to
stop codon
sense strand - ANSWER 5' to 3'; RNA-like
antisense strand - ANSWER template strand; 3' to 5'
gene body - ANSWER introns and exons
composition of genome - ANSWER 3.6Gbp
20,376 protein-coding genes
22,305 noncoding genes
how much of the genome is exons - ANSWER 1.5%
how much of the genome is introns? - ANSWER 26%
how much of genome is repeated - ANSWER ~50%
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) - ANSWER one to a few bases that are
repeated 10 to 100 times
Complete Solutions
What three factors are necessary for natural selection? - ANSWER variation,
inheritance, fitness differences
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - ANSWER DNA → RNA → protein
replication → transcription → translation
How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T? - ANSWER 2
how many hydrogen bonds are between G and C - ANSWER 3
How are nucleotides joined together? - ANSWER phosphodiester bonds
Dapi - ANSWER intercalates into minor groove of DNA; visible when exposed to
UV light
Furanocoumarins - ANSWER plant defensive compounds; interacts with bases in
minor grooves and form adduct in presence of UV light; forms cross-links with
multiple bases so that they can't replicate
life - ANSWER a self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian selection
What are the criteria for prototypical genetic material? - ANSWER -store
information
-express information
-replicate
-accomodate introduction of new variation
Evidence for RNA world hypothesis - ANSWER -encodes information
-complex folding (flexible shape)
-highly conserved across all life
-can act as enzyme
ribosomal RNAs - ANSWER involved in protein synthesis; need protein but is
part of operation
ribonuclease-P - ANSWER cleaves phosphodiester bonds on tRNA and other
small RNAs; can act as enzyme alone
, classic model of building RNA molecule - ANSWER lack of spontaneous
hydrogen bonding between bases would have made selection for functional
pairing difficult; nucleotides assembled first and then came together
polymer fusion model of building RNA molecule - ANSWER bases came together
first and then polymer of phosphate and sugar came in after
Ribozyme experiment - ANSWER took a family of ribozymes
Type 1 - no ability to make RNA; mixed with type 5 enhances replication ability;
catalytic gene
Type 5 - can add on triplet nucleotides
B form - ANSWER spiral to right
Z form - ANSWER left handed helix; backbone takes on zigzag shape
Beadle and Tatum experiment - ANSWER obtained mutagen induced mutation of
bread mold that couldn't synthesize arginine; arginine blocking mutations in four
distinct regions (at least 4 genes for arginine synthesis - ARG-E, ARG-F, ARG-G,
ARG-H); supplement with different parts of the pathway
missense mutation - ANSWER A base-pair substitution that results in a codon
that codes for a different amino acid.
nonsense mutation - ANSWER A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to
stop codon
sense strand - ANSWER 5' to 3'; RNA-like
antisense strand - ANSWER template strand; 3' to 5'
gene body - ANSWER introns and exons
composition of genome - ANSWER 3.6Gbp
20,376 protein-coding genes
22,305 noncoding genes
how much of the genome is exons - ANSWER 1.5%
how much of the genome is introns? - ANSWER 26%
how much of genome is repeated - ANSWER ~50%
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) - ANSWER one to a few bases that are
repeated 10 to 100 times
