IAI
Flash diffuser - answer Harsh flash
Infrared - answer Visible light falls between 400-700 nanometers on the electromagnetic
spectrum. Infrared light used in photography is between 700-1100 nanometers
Cardinal Rule #1: Fill the frame - answerIf something is important enough to photograph
fill the frame with it. Follow this practice whether it is a single item of evidence or an
entire crime scene. If Background elements are not considered a part of the primary
subject try to minimize or eliminate them.
Cardinal rule #2: maximize depth of field - answerDepth of field is the variable range
from foreground to background of what appears to be in focus
Cardinal rule #3: keep the film plane parallel - answerThis idea can be expressed
several other ways keep the back of the camera parallel to the subject, keep the length
of the lens perpendicular to the subject, keep the front of the lens element parallel to the
subject, or keep the digital sensor parallel to the subject. It is best to avoid diagonal
views of the subject
rule of thumb 3.1 - answerOutside, during the middle of a sunny day, equivalent from 10
AM to 3 PM, select an ISO of 100
Rule of thumb 3.2 - answerWhenever doing examination quality/critical comparison
photographs use an ISO 100
Rule of thumb 3.3 - answerAll other times-early in the morning, late in the afternoon, at
night, or when photographing indoors-lean toward the use of an ISO of 400
Rule of thumb 3.4 - answerFor accurate color capture, only use either mid day sunlight
which is which is approximately the bright yellow sunlight from 10 AM to about 3 PM or
use an electronic flash
Rule of thumb 3.5 - answerWhen you were using film if an exposure error is
unavoidable it is better to overexpose film then under expose it. Overexpose film is
more easily correctable.
Rule of thumb 3.6 - answerIf an exposure error is unavoidable it is better to
underexpose digital images. More detail can be obtained from a digital underexposure
then a digital over exposure
, Rule of thumb 3.7 - answerISO 100 speed film can normally be expected to be
correctable for a 2 f-stop over exposure and a 1 f-stop underexposure. ISO 400 speed
film can normally be expected to be correctable for a 3 f-stop overexposure and a 2 F-
stop underexposure
Rule of thumb 3.8 - answerTo eliminate possible blur from hand holding the camera,
use the shutter speed that is the closest to the focal length of the lens on the camera,
inverted into a fraction
Rule of thumb 3.9 - answerTo the extent possible, most crime scene images should be
captured with a shutter speed of 1/60 of a second and a combination with one of these
for f-stops F/22, F/16, F/11, and F/8
Rule of thumb 3.10 - answerBefore using and F/5.6, or wider aperture, for a crime
scene photographs, consider these options:
1. Use electronic flash. The additional light from the flash will certainly require the use of
smaller apertures, which in turn will provide a better depth of field.
2, use a tripod. Putting the camera on a tripod will allow the use of longer shutter
speeds without the risk of blur, and the use of longer shutter speeds will also allow
smaller apertures to be used, which will provide a better depth of field.
3. With a digital camera, reset the ISO to the next faster ISO setting. That will enable
the use of both a 1/60 and an F/8, with the ISO setting used to create the +1 exposure
Rule of thumb 3.11 - answerAlways screw filters on to the lens when the lens is aimed
at the ceiling or straight up. This reduces the chance of dropping the filter.
Rule of thumb 4.1 - answerThe entire scene, and all of the evidence within the crime
scene, should be in focus. If you know a part of the scene will be out of focus if the
photograph is captured as composed, you should attempt to recompose the scene so
that the out of focus area is no longer in the field of view.
Rule of thumb 4.2 - answerIf you are composing on an area as your primary subject, the
entire area, from front to back, should be in focus
Rule of thumb 4.3 - answerThe depth of field extends one third in front of the point of
the exact focus and two thirds behind the point of the exact focus
Rule of thumb 4.4 - answerWhen you are attempting to maximize the depth of field with
the crime scenes ranging from 5 feet to 30 feet the most effective way to do this is to
focus at a distance that appears to be midway between the top and the bottom of the
composed image
Flash diffuser - answer Harsh flash
Infrared - answer Visible light falls between 400-700 nanometers on the electromagnetic
spectrum. Infrared light used in photography is between 700-1100 nanometers
Cardinal Rule #1: Fill the frame - answerIf something is important enough to photograph
fill the frame with it. Follow this practice whether it is a single item of evidence or an
entire crime scene. If Background elements are not considered a part of the primary
subject try to minimize or eliminate them.
Cardinal rule #2: maximize depth of field - answerDepth of field is the variable range
from foreground to background of what appears to be in focus
Cardinal rule #3: keep the film plane parallel - answerThis idea can be expressed
several other ways keep the back of the camera parallel to the subject, keep the length
of the lens perpendicular to the subject, keep the front of the lens element parallel to the
subject, or keep the digital sensor parallel to the subject. It is best to avoid diagonal
views of the subject
rule of thumb 3.1 - answerOutside, during the middle of a sunny day, equivalent from 10
AM to 3 PM, select an ISO of 100
Rule of thumb 3.2 - answerWhenever doing examination quality/critical comparison
photographs use an ISO 100
Rule of thumb 3.3 - answerAll other times-early in the morning, late in the afternoon, at
night, or when photographing indoors-lean toward the use of an ISO of 400
Rule of thumb 3.4 - answerFor accurate color capture, only use either mid day sunlight
which is which is approximately the bright yellow sunlight from 10 AM to about 3 PM or
use an electronic flash
Rule of thumb 3.5 - answerWhen you were using film if an exposure error is
unavoidable it is better to overexpose film then under expose it. Overexpose film is
more easily correctable.
Rule of thumb 3.6 - answerIf an exposure error is unavoidable it is better to
underexpose digital images. More detail can be obtained from a digital underexposure
then a digital over exposure
, Rule of thumb 3.7 - answerISO 100 speed film can normally be expected to be
correctable for a 2 f-stop over exposure and a 1 f-stop underexposure. ISO 400 speed
film can normally be expected to be correctable for a 3 f-stop overexposure and a 2 F-
stop underexposure
Rule of thumb 3.8 - answerTo eliminate possible blur from hand holding the camera,
use the shutter speed that is the closest to the focal length of the lens on the camera,
inverted into a fraction
Rule of thumb 3.9 - answerTo the extent possible, most crime scene images should be
captured with a shutter speed of 1/60 of a second and a combination with one of these
for f-stops F/22, F/16, F/11, and F/8
Rule of thumb 3.10 - answerBefore using and F/5.6, or wider aperture, for a crime
scene photographs, consider these options:
1. Use electronic flash. The additional light from the flash will certainly require the use of
smaller apertures, which in turn will provide a better depth of field.
2, use a tripod. Putting the camera on a tripod will allow the use of longer shutter
speeds without the risk of blur, and the use of longer shutter speeds will also allow
smaller apertures to be used, which will provide a better depth of field.
3. With a digital camera, reset the ISO to the next faster ISO setting. That will enable
the use of both a 1/60 and an F/8, with the ISO setting used to create the +1 exposure
Rule of thumb 3.11 - answerAlways screw filters on to the lens when the lens is aimed
at the ceiling or straight up. This reduces the chance of dropping the filter.
Rule of thumb 4.1 - answerThe entire scene, and all of the evidence within the crime
scene, should be in focus. If you know a part of the scene will be out of focus if the
photograph is captured as composed, you should attempt to recompose the scene so
that the out of focus area is no longer in the field of view.
Rule of thumb 4.2 - answerIf you are composing on an area as your primary subject, the
entire area, from front to back, should be in focus
Rule of thumb 4.3 - answerThe depth of field extends one third in front of the point of
the exact focus and two thirds behind the point of the exact focus
Rule of thumb 4.4 - answerWhen you are attempting to maximize the depth of field with
the crime scenes ranging from 5 feet to 30 feet the most effective way to do this is to
focus at a distance that appears to be midway between the top and the bottom of the
composed image
