PHIL 347N Week 4 Checkpoint.docx practice exam questions with all correct answers graded A + working solution

Based on what you have read in the text, the lecture, and any other sources you find helpful to your understanding of deductive arguments, explain the structure of a deductive argument in your own words. Your Answer: a deductive argument basically has two premises and one conclusion based on the premises. In order for the conclusion to be true, the premises must be true as well. If thee premise are false, then the conclusion might be false also. Deductive reasoning mainly focuses on facts and not inferences. Go to the box “Deductive Reasoning” (in the beginning of Chapter 8). Read the last paragraph there. Based on that reading and any other sources you find helpful to your understanding, describe the part that “rules, operating conditions, core beliefs, values, policies, principles, procedures, and terminology” (p. 159) play in deductive arguments. Your Answer: Rules, operating conditions, core beliefs, values, policies, principles, procedures, and terminology plays an important role in a deductive argument. A valid deductive argument is based on on-premises and a conclusion that has to be true. Therefore, you must combine all the above rules in order to formulate the premises and a conclusion that is 100% true. Without these, it is possible for an argument to fail the test of logical strength In the introduction to Chapter 8, the text sets forth a specific definition of the term “valid” as it applies to deductive arguments. What is that definition? Your Answer: The author defines the term "valid" as it pertains to deductive argument. According to the author, the term "valid" refers to an in which all the premises are assumed to be. Therefore, it is possible for a conclusion to be false. Use the following template to create a valid Denying the Consequent argument example: If_________________ then _______________ It is not the case that ______________________ Therefore, it is not the case that ________________ This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :55:00 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH Your Answer: if the instructor is a fair instructor then I will leave a good rating. It is not the case that I will leave a good rating for the instructor. Therefore, it is not the case that the instructor is a fair instructor. Use the following template to create a valid Affirming the Antecedent argument example: If_______________ then____________ ________________________________ Therefore _______________________ Your Answer: if the instructor is a fair instructor, then I will leave a good rating the instructor is a fair instructor. therefore, I will leave a good rating. Jack says: “I can enroll full time this semester, or I can buy a car. I think going to school full time is the better option for me, so I’ll have to put off buying car.” What name does the text give to this argument structure? Your Answer: According to the textbook, this type of argument is known as a disjunctive syllogism. n addition to if/then and either/or, there are other terms that, when used correctly, can create valid argument templates. Using the three deductive statements below, create five (5) valid deductive arguments. To make your life easier, you can use the key words at the end of the statement to fill in the template. Statement A: Tuition increases 5 percent per academic year. (Tuition increases) Statement B: I must graduate in no more than two years. (Graduate two years) Statement C: I have legal access to unlimited amounts of cash. (Unlimited cash) This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :55:00 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH Example: For a template such as “Either A or B. Not A. Therefore B” you would answer: “Either tuition increases, or I graduate in two years. Tuition will not increase. Therefore, I will graduate in two years.” Do this for all five templates. Templates  Either A, B, or C. Not C. So, A or B.  It is not the case that both A and B are true. So, either A is not true or B is not true.  Neither B nor C is true. So, B is false.  B unless C. Not B. So, C.  A only if B. A. Therefore, B. Check the Logical Strength of each argument you have written. If it lacks logical strength, check the table Grammatically Equivalent Structures (in Chapter 8) to be sure you are interpreting the words correctly. Your Answer: Argument 1 - I will graduate in two years unless I obtain an unlimited amount of cash. I will not be graduating in two years, so that means I will obtain an unlimited amount of cash. Argument 2- Tuition will increase only if I graduate in two years. Tuition will increase. Therefore, I will be graduating in two years. Argument 3- Either tuition increases, I graduate in two years, or I obtain unlimited cash. No way will I obtain an unlimited amount of cash. Therefore, either tuition increases or I have to graduate in two years. Argument 4- Neither graduating in two years or nor obtaining unlimited cash is true. so, graduating in two years is false. Argument 5- It is not the case that both tuitions will increase and I graduate in two years. So, either it is not true that tuition will increase or it is not true that I will graduate in two years