AMS 274 FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
▶ Topical medications? Answer:Applied to the skin or mucous membranes.
o Includes medications applied to the skin or the membranous linings of the
eye, ear, nose, respiratory tract, urinary tract, vagina, and rectum.
o Dermatologic are applied to the skin
o Instillations and irrigations are applied to the body cavities or orifices
(eyes, ears, nose, bladder, rectum, and vagina)
o Inhalations are drugs applied to the respiratory tract by inhalers,
nebulizers, or positive pressure breathing machines.
▶ Parenteral Administration? Answer:Dispensing of drugs by routes other
than enteral or topical. A needle is used to deliver drugs into the skin
layers, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, or veins. More invasive than topical
or enteral because of the potential for introducing microbes directly to blood
and tissues.
▶ Pharmacokinetics? Answer:-Derived for the root words pharmaco, which
refers to medicines and kinetics, which means "movement" or motion.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement throughout the body.
-Majority of drugs produce their effects in target cells. First they must cross
the plasma membrane and enter cells to produce their effects.
▶ The process of pharmacokinetics is grouped into 4 categories...?
Answer:Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
▶ Absorption? Answer:-Process by which drug molecules move from their
site of administration to the blood.
-Absorption is the primary pharmacokinetic factor determining the onset of
drug action
▶ The faster the absorption...? Answer:the faster the onset time.
▶ Drugs administered by IV route bypass...? Answer:absorption entirely.
, ▶ Inhalation is rapid because...? Answer:the membrane separating the
inhaled drug from the bloodstream is very thin.
▶ Tablets and capsules must dissolve before the drug is available for
absorption which means onset is slow...these are...? Answer:Oral liquid
pills don't undergo dissolution therefore they are faster than other pills.
▶ Topical medications applied to the skin are absorbed slowly because...?
Answer:it is difficult for penetration through the thick keratin. Topicals
applied to mucous membranes are absorbed faster because they are thin
with a richer blood supply.
▶ Higher doses produce a faster and greater response because...?
Answer:a high dose produces a greater concentration gradient for diffusion.
▶ Most absorption occurs in the...? Answer:small intestine.
• Rapid GI motility may speed the drug without complete absorption.
• Slow motility may cause the drug to be retained in the stomach where it is
exposed long to destructive enzymes and stomach acid.
• Fatty food slow drug absorption. Absorption is most complete between
meals, full stomach may lessen nausea but slows absorption.
▶ For a drug to be absorbed there must be...? Answer:Be adequate blood
flow. Therefore drugs are absorbed faster where blood flow is high. Large
muscles have high blood flow which maximize absorption.
▶ Distribution? Answer:Movement of pharmacologic agents throughout the
body after they are absorbed
▶ The simplest factor in determining drug distribution.? Answer:The
amount of blood flow to the body tissues. Heart, liver, kidneys receive
greatest % of blood flow so these organs receive the highest exposure to
absorbed drugs. Skin, bone and adipose tissue receive little blood flow.
▶ Drug solubility? Answer:Lipid solubility determines how quickly a drug is
absorbed, mixes in the blood stream, crosses membranes, and becomes
localized in body tissues.
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
▶ Topical medications? Answer:Applied to the skin or mucous membranes.
o Includes medications applied to the skin or the membranous linings of the
eye, ear, nose, respiratory tract, urinary tract, vagina, and rectum.
o Dermatologic are applied to the skin
o Instillations and irrigations are applied to the body cavities or orifices
(eyes, ears, nose, bladder, rectum, and vagina)
o Inhalations are drugs applied to the respiratory tract by inhalers,
nebulizers, or positive pressure breathing machines.
▶ Parenteral Administration? Answer:Dispensing of drugs by routes other
than enteral or topical. A needle is used to deliver drugs into the skin
layers, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, or veins. More invasive than topical
or enteral because of the potential for introducing microbes directly to blood
and tissues.
▶ Pharmacokinetics? Answer:-Derived for the root words pharmaco, which
refers to medicines and kinetics, which means "movement" or motion.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement throughout the body.
-Majority of drugs produce their effects in target cells. First they must cross
the plasma membrane and enter cells to produce their effects.
▶ The process of pharmacokinetics is grouped into 4 categories...?
Answer:Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
▶ Absorption? Answer:-Process by which drug molecules move from their
site of administration to the blood.
-Absorption is the primary pharmacokinetic factor determining the onset of
drug action
▶ The faster the absorption...? Answer:the faster the onset time.
▶ Drugs administered by IV route bypass...? Answer:absorption entirely.
, ▶ Inhalation is rapid because...? Answer:the membrane separating the
inhaled drug from the bloodstream is very thin.
▶ Tablets and capsules must dissolve before the drug is available for
absorption which means onset is slow...these are...? Answer:Oral liquid
pills don't undergo dissolution therefore they are faster than other pills.
▶ Topical medications applied to the skin are absorbed slowly because...?
Answer:it is difficult for penetration through the thick keratin. Topicals
applied to mucous membranes are absorbed faster because they are thin
with a richer blood supply.
▶ Higher doses produce a faster and greater response because...?
Answer:a high dose produces a greater concentration gradient for diffusion.
▶ Most absorption occurs in the...? Answer:small intestine.
• Rapid GI motility may speed the drug without complete absorption.
• Slow motility may cause the drug to be retained in the stomach where it is
exposed long to destructive enzymes and stomach acid.
• Fatty food slow drug absorption. Absorption is most complete between
meals, full stomach may lessen nausea but slows absorption.
▶ For a drug to be absorbed there must be...? Answer:Be adequate blood
flow. Therefore drugs are absorbed faster where blood flow is high. Large
muscles have high blood flow which maximize absorption.
▶ Distribution? Answer:Movement of pharmacologic agents throughout the
body after they are absorbed
▶ The simplest factor in determining drug distribution.? Answer:The
amount of blood flow to the body tissues. Heart, liver, kidneys receive
greatest % of blood flow so these organs receive the highest exposure to
absorbed drugs. Skin, bone and adipose tissue receive little blood flow.
▶ Drug solubility? Answer:Lipid solubility determines how quickly a drug is
absorbed, mixes in the blood stream, crosses membranes, and becomes
localized in body tissues.
